The development of students' higher order learning is a critical component of education. For decades, educators and scientists have engaged in an ongoing debate about whether higher order learning ...can only be enhanced by building a base of factual knowledge (analogous to Bloom's taxonomy) or whether higher order learning can be enhanced directly by engaging in complex questioning and materials. The relationship between fact learning and higher order learning is often speculated, but empirically unknown. In this study, middle school students and college students engaged in retrieval practice with fact questions, higher order questions, or a mix of question types to examine the optimal type of retrieval practice for enhancing higher order learning. In laboratory and K-12 settings, retrieval practice consistently increased delayed test performance, compared with rereading or no quizzes. Critically, higher order and mixed quizzes improved higher order test performance, but fact quizzes did not. Contrary to popular intuition about higher order learning and Bloom's taxonomy, building a foundation of knowledge via fact-based retrieval practice may be less potent than engaging in higher order retrieval practice, a key finding for future research and classroom application.
Educational Impact and Implications Statement
This study demonstrates that students' higher order learning increases most from higher order retrieval practice, or no-stakes quizzes with complex materials that engage students in bringing what they know to mind. Although fact quizzes were beneficial for fact learning, they did not facilitate higher order learning, contrary to popular intuition based on Bloom's taxonomy.
Even after a century of investigation, our understanding of how enzymes work remains far from complete. In particular, several factors that enable enzymes to achieve high catalytic efficiencies ...remain only poorly understood. A number of theories have been developed, which propose or reaffirm that enzymes work as structural scaffolds, serving to bring together and properly orient the participants so that the reaction can proceed; therefore, leading to enzymes being viewed as only passive participants in the catalyzed reaction. A growing body of evidence shows that enzymes are not rigid structures but are constantly undergoing a wide range of internal motions and conformational fluctuations. In this Perspective, on the basis of studies from our group, we discuss the emerging biophysical model of enzyme catalysis that provides a detailed understanding of the interconnection among internal protein motions, conformational substates, enzyme mechanisms, and the catalytic efficiency of enzymes. For a number of enzymes, networks of conserved residues that extend from the surface of the enzyme all the way to the active site have been discovered. These networks are hypothesized to serve as pathways of energy transfer that enables thermodynamical coupling of the surrounding solvent with enzyme catalysis and play a role in promoting enzyme function. Additionally, the role of enzyme structure and electrostatic effects has been well acknowledged for quite some time. Collectively, the recent knowledge gained about enzyme mechanisms suggests that the conventional paradigm of enzyme structure encoding function is incomplete and needs to be extended to structure encodes dynamics, and together these enzyme features encode function including catalytic rate acceleration.
Technology-driven disruption is taking place at a pace and scale not witnessed before in history. Waves of technology, such as the internet of things, big data, machine learning, and artificial ...intelligence, are reshaping our personal and professional lives in profound ways. A new world is emerging in which many of the current job classes will disappear, while new ones, requiring entirely different sets of skills, are emerging. Public administrators are unprepared for the challenges they must face in order to cope with this nonincremental and exponential change. Many of the existing government structures and processes that have evolved over the last few centuries will likely become irrelevant in the near future. There is a compelling need to lay the groundwork for governments to rethink how they will be able to best serve their constituents.
The authors examine how a firm's financial leverage affects marketing outcomes and consequent firm value. They find that leverage has a dual effect: it reduces customer satisfaction and moderates the ...relationship between satisfaction and firm value. The burden of making regular interest payments to debt holders pressures managers to generate adequate cash flows. The authors theorize that this may lead marketers to adopt short-term actions such as cutting advertising and research-and-development spending, which can hurt customer satisfaction by lowering perceived quality and perceived value. Furthermore, higher leverage reduces financial flexibility by constraining marketers from exploiting growth opportunities resulting from higher customer satisfaction. The authors empirically show that leverage leads to lower customer satisfaction, with advertising intensity mediating this effect. The negative impact of leverage on satisfaction is more pronounced for service firms and firms in competitive markets. Finally, leverage negatively moderates the customer satisfaction-firm value link. Increases in customer satisfaction are value enhancing at modest levels of leverage, but at very high levels of leverage, increases in satisfaction are value reducing.
Food-borne illnesses pose a real scourge in the present scenario as the consumerism of packaged food has increased to a great extend. Pathogens entering the packaged foods may survive longer, which ...needs a check. Antimicrobial agents either alone or in combination are added to the food or packaging materials for this purpose. Exploiting the antimicrobial property, essential oils are considered as a “natural” remedy to this problem other than its flavoring property instead of using synthetic agents. The essential oils are well known for its antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic, antiparasitic, and antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic functional group. Gram-positive organisms are found more susceptible to the action of the essential oils. Essential oils improve the shelf-life of packaged products, control the microbial growth, and unriddle the consumer concerns regarding the use of chemical preservatives. This review is intended to provide an overview of the essential oils and their role as natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
Clinical diagnosis of endometriosis: a call to action Agarwal, Sanjay K.; Chapron, Charles; Giudice, Linda C. ...
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
April 2019, 2019-04-00, 20190401, Letnik:
220, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Endometriosis can have a profound impact on women’s lives, including associated pain, infertility, decreased quality of life, and interference with daily life, relationships, and livelihood. The ...first step in alleviating these adverse sequelae is to diagnose the underlying condition. For many women, the journey to endometriosis diagnosis is long and fraught with barriers and misdiagnoses. Inherent challenges include a gold standard based on an invasive surgical procedure (laparoscopy) and diverse symptomatology, contributing to the well-established delay of 4–11 years from first symptom onset to surgical diagnosis. We believe that remedying the diagnostic delay requires increased patient education and timely referral to a women’s healthcare provider and a shift in physician approach to the disorder. Endometriosis should be approached as a chronic, systemic, inflammatory, and heterogeneous disease that presents with symptoms of pelvic pain and/or infertility, rather than focusing primarily on surgical findings and pelvic lesions. Using this approach, symptoms, signs, and clinical findings of endometriosis are anticipated to become the main drivers of clinical diagnosis and earlier intervention. Combining these factors into a practical algorithm is expected to simplify endometriosis diagnosis and make the process accessible to more clinicians and patients, culminating in earlier effective management. The time has come to bridge disparities and to minimize delays in endometriosis diagnosis and treatment for the benefit of women worldwide.
This paper investigates the event-triggered dissipative filtering issue for discrete-time singular neural networks with time-varying delays and Markovian jump parameters. Via event-triggered ...communication technique, a singular jump neural network (SJNN) model of network-induced delays is first given, and sufficient criteria are then provided to guarantee that the resulting augmented SJNN is stochastically admissible and strictly stochastically dissipative (SASSD) with respect to (X ι , Y ι , Z ι , δ) by using slack matrix scheme. Furthermore, employing filter equivalent technique, codesigned filter gains, and event-triggered matrices are derived to make sure that the augmented SJNN model is SASSD with respect to (X ι , Y ι , Z ι , δ). An example is also given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Plants face variable environmental stresses that negatively affect plant growth and productivity. The multiplicity of responses is an important aspect of the complexity of stress signalling. Abscisic ...acid (ABA) is a broad-spectrum phytohormone involved not only in regulating stomatal opening, growth and development but also in coordinating various stress signal transduction pathways in plants during abiotic stresses. The both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent signal transduction pathways from stress signal perception to gene expression involve different transcription factors such as DREB, MYC/MYB, AREB/ABF, NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC and their corresponding cis-acting elements DRE, MYCRS/MYBRS, ABRE, NACRS. Genetic analysis of ABA mutants has given insight that ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways for osmotic stress and cold stress interact and converge. This review focuses on ABA-dependent and ABA-independent transcriptional components and cascades, their specificity and crosstalk in stress gene regulation.
Powerful Teaching Agarwal, Pooja K; Bain, Patrice M
Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley,
2019, 2019-06-00, 2019-05-13
eBook, Book
Unleash powerful teaching and the science of learning in your classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning empowers educators to harness rigorous research on how students learn and ...unleash it in their classrooms. In this book, cognitive scientist Pooja K. Agarwal, Ph.D., and veteran K–12 teacher Patrice M. Bain, Ed.S., decipher cognitive science research and illustrate ways to successfully apply the science of learning in classrooms settings. This practical resource is filled with evidence-based strategies that are easily implemented in less than a minute—without additional prepping, grading, or funding! Research demonstrates that these powerful strategies raise student achievement by a letter grade or more; boost learning for diverse students, grade levels, and subject areas; and enhance students' higher order learning and transfer of knowledge beyond the classroom. Drawing on a fifteen-year scientist-teacher collaboration, more than 100 years of research on learning, and rich experiences from educators in K–12 and higher education, the authors present highly accessible step-by-step guidance on how to transform teaching with four essential strategies: Retrieval practice, spacing, interleaving, and feedback- driven metacognition. With Powerful Teaching, you will: * Develop a deep understanding of powerful teaching strategies based on the science of learning * Gain insight from real-world examples of how evidence-based strategies are being implemented in a variety of academic settings * Think critically about your current teaching practices from a research-based perspective * Develop tools to share the science of learning with students and parents, ensuring success inside and outside the classroom Powerful Teaching: Unleash the Science of Learning is an indispensable resource for educators who want to take their instruction to the next level. Equipped with scientific knowledge and evidence-based tools, turn your teaching into powerful teaching and unleash student learning in your classroom.
Abstract Objectives This study sought to evaluate the impact of fractional flow reserve (FFR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on subsequent in-lab interventional management vessels ...that had undergone pre-PCI FFR and its prognostic value in predicting long-term (>1 year) outcomes. Background Post-PCI FFR has been shown to be a predictor of intermediate-term (6 months) adverse events. However, its impact on immediate post procedure clinical decision making and long-term outcomes is not known. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing PCI who had pre- and post-PCI FFR evaluations were followed for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Results In the study 574 patients (664 lesions) were followed for 31 ± 16 months. PCI led to significant improvement in FFR from 0.65 ± 0.14 to 0.87 ± 0.08 (p < 0.0001). Despite satisfactory angiographic appearance, 143 lesions (21%) demonstrated post-PCI FFR in the ischemic range (FFR ≤0.81). After subsequent interventions, FFR in this subgroup increased from 0.78 ± 0.08 to 0.87 ± 0.06 (p < 0.0001). Final FFR cutoff of ≤0.86 had the best predictive accuracy for MACE and ≤0.85 for TVR. Patients who achieved final FFR >0.86 had significantly lower MACE compared to the final FFR ≤0.86 group (17% vs. 23%; log-rank p = 0.02). Final FFR ≤0.86 had incremental prognostic value over clinical and angiographic variables for MACE prediction. Conclusions Post-PCI FFR reclassified 20% of angiographically satisfactory lesions, which required further intervention thereby providing an opportunity for complete functional optimization at the time of the index procedure. This is particularly important as FFR post-PCI FFR was a powerful independent predictor of long-term outcomes.
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