The research was made in order to identify specific banking determinants of non-performing loans in banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This problem came to the fore during and after global ...financial crisis, when the quality of loan portfolio dramatically increased. Much research of the problem of non-performing loans has already been made but they dealt with developed worlds countries. In BiH there is no a lot of research dealing with this issue. In order to resolve this problem (to create adequate measures for managing loan risks in commercial banks) it is necessary to identify the factors that affect appearance and growth of nonperforming loans in BiH. The authors presumed that five specific banking factors statistically influence the non-performing loans. The research included six determinants, ie one dependent and five independent determents. Dependent determinant shows the share of non-performing in total loans of banking sector in BiH, and independent determinants are: active credit rate, credit growth rate, capital adequacy ratio, return on equity and ratio of loan and deposit. We used quarterly data about the period from the first quarter of 2004 to the end of fourth quarter of 2019. The data was downloaded from Central bank od BiH . The research includes correlation and regression analysis which established determinants which statistically influence the non-performing loans and it was determined which part of variable can be explained with independent variables. The results of regression analysis show that only one specific banking determinant can be used to explain and predict the value of non-performing loans in banking sector in BiH. In other words, only the rate of credit growth is statistically significant and negative relation to non-performing loan. That means that increase of credit growth rate could infect the decrease of non-performing loans, which could positively influence the quality of credit portfolio. On the other hand, decrease of the credit growth rate could affect increase of non-performing loans which could make worse the quality of credit portfolio. The results of analysis showed active credit rate, capital adequacy ratio, return on equity and ratio of loan and deposit doesn`t statistically influence non-performing loans in this banking sector. We analyzed the trend of movement of total loan placement by commercial banks in BiH, as well as the trend of movement of non-performing loans. The results show that non-performing loans were mostly growing from 2004 to 2016, and to the end of the analyzed period they started to decrease. Even though non-performing loans started to decrease their share in total loans is still very high. That is why we must resolve this problem as soon as possible. It cannot be resolved by commercial bank because the process would last much too long. It is necessary to involve the state in resolving this problem. Also the activities of state instruments must be complementary with bank activities.
The aim of the research is to identify the macroeconomic and specific banking factors affecting the rate of nonperforming loans in the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The authors ...assume that the three macroeconomic and five specific banking factors influence the quality of the loan portfolio. Aggregate data were used, which are taken from the Central Bank of BiH, Agency for Statistics of BiH and Labour and Employment Agency of BiH, and analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis in the period from the first quarter of 2006 to the end of the fourth quarter of 2016. The empirical results show that there is a correlation between nonperforming loans and unemployment rate, inflation rates measured by the growth rate of consumer prices, return on assets and credit growth rates, while the impact of the growth rate of real gross domestic product, capital adequacy ratio, return on equity and active interest rates is not statistically significant.
The largest number of companies in the Republic of Srpska falls into the category of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and most of them are organized in the form of limited liability ...companies, usually with the prescribed minimum share capital. The economic sector and its actors still face many difficulties and obstacles in their functioning. Unfavourable business environment is characterized by high operating costs caused by high taxes and contributions, a number of fiscal and parafiscal charges, various fees, bureaucracy, unfavorable loans, debt collection dispute, smuggling, illegal work, corruption... The aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of the reforms made in the field of business registration, such as the introduction of one-stop business registration system and the exemption from judicial and administrative fees during the first registration, as well as their impact on improving the overall business environment in the Republic of Srpska.
The time of the pandemic forced educational institutions to take full advantage of IT technologies, using all their advantages in order to ensure the educational process. A completely different ...approach to the educational process, online instead of the current traditional one, posed significant challenges to both students and professors. The aim of this research is to show that with the many advantages that “online education” has brought, it has given students and professors more obligations, and thus greater stress during the teaching process. The subject of the research is qualitative proof that online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic enabled the unhindered maintenance of the educational process, but that neither students nor professors consider this way of teaching the best solution. From the data collection method, it was used the survey method with the survey technique. Of the general scientific methods, it was used the method of statistical data processing, that is processing of collected numerical data using the statistical package SPSS and their tabular and graphical presentation. Data gathering was conducted in combination: one part online, due to the rules of physical distances and other restrictions imposed during COVID- 19. In the other part of data collecting students were given opportunity to fill out the questionary during their time spent on the faculty. Self-created questionnaires were posted on platforms generally used for teaching, MS Teams and Moodle, during spring semester 2021, when combined teaching was conducted. Research has shown that students and professors have adapted well to online teaching, which they claim is of better quality than traditional, but they do not consider it the best way of teaching. It also showed that online teaching increased the level of engagement and stress among professors, in contrast to students who stated that they spent less time on online teaching and obligations than during work in the traditional way. This relevant research focuses on the advantages and disadvantages that the online way of working has brought in the educational process. The results and recommendations can be used to eliminate all shortcomings in time, so that in the following periods, if another lock down happens due to unfavorable epidemiological situation, the educational process can be performed better.
The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in the closure of educational institutions around the world. Policies of social distancing and restrictive movement made it impossible to teach in the traditional way ...in the classroom, and forced higher education institutions to organize classes using digital technologies. The transition to online teaching was a great challenge for both teaching staff and students, but it also paved the way for the introduction of digital teaching and learning. This research aims to evaluate and compare the success of those students who attended traditional classes before the pandemic and the success of the students who attended online classes during the pandemic. The data were collected for a group of students who attended the first part of the Foreign Language Course 1 in traditional classes in the period March - June 2019, as well as data on the same group of students who attended the Foreign Language Course 2 online in the period March - June 2020. The data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics statistical programme. In order to get the results, i.e. to answer the main research question of whether the way of conducting and monitoring classes affects the success of students, a T-test of paired samples was conducted. The obtained results show that there is a significant difference in the success of the students who attended classes in two different ways. Given the uncertain epidemiological situation, it is necessary to adequately prepare for the next academic year. The paper presents suggestions for improving online teaching and learning.
Bankarski sektor ima veoma važnu ulogu u Bosni i Hercegovini, prvenstveno zbog nedovoljno razvijenog tržišta kapitala, ali i zbog postojanja nedovoljnog broja nebankarskih finansijskih institucija. ...Prema tome, stabilnost bankarskog sektora je veoma važna za cjelokupnu ekonomiju Bosne i Hercegovine. Na stabilnost bankarskog sektora utiče više faktora. Tokom globalne finansijske krize došlo je do visokog rasta nekvalitetnih kredita (engl. nonperforming loans), što je ugrozilo stabilnost bankarskog sektora Bosne i Hercegovine. Pored toga, povećanje nekvalitetnih kredita ugrozilo je i ekonomsku stabilnost cijele zemlje, tako da komercijalne banke, a i regulatori, moraju preduzeti više konkretnih mjera pomoću kojih bi se njihov nivo smanjio u narednom periodu.U posljednjih nekoliko godina, kredit je postao skoro najznačajniji faktor finansijskog opstanka jedne zajednice, jer on podstiče i omogućava njene privredne aktivnosti. Samim tim, kredit podstiče i cjelokupan ekonomski razvoj te zajednice. Banke odobravaju kredite koji se razlikuju po pojavnim oblicima, namjeni, načinima i rokovima otplate, obezbjeđenju i drugim karakteristikama, ali svi oni se koriste za zadovoljenje ličnih potreba potrošača onda kada potrošač nema dovoljno sopstvenih sredstava. U svom poslovanju, banke prikupljaju finansijska sredstva od onih koji imaju višak sredstava i plasiraju ih onima kojima su ta sredstva neophodna, pa se za banke često kaže da su depozitno – kreditne institucije.Slobodno se može reći da je kredit vid pozajmljivanja sredstava, najčešće novčanih, koja povjerilac daje dužniku ukoliko ispuni određene uslove, a dužnik preuzima obavezu da ta sredstva vrati u skladu sa postavljenim uslovima. Krediti se odobravaju pojedincima, preduzećima i državi, a čine osnovnu komponentu aktive u većini banaka. Upravo zbog toga, kvalitet aktive banaka u velikoj mjeri zavisi od kvaliteta kreditnog portfolia.Krediti sa sobom uvijek nose i kreditni rizik, koji predstavlja jednu od ključnih prijetnji kvalitetu bankarskog portfolia. Banke su konstantno izložene kreditnom riziku koji predstavlja opasnost da dužnik neće moći u potpunosti izmiriti svoju obavezu prema banci u roku, ili da će je samo djelimično izmiriti. Ovaj rizik se uglavnom odnosi na nemogućnost naplate potraživanja od dužnika, ali može nastati i zbog kašnjenja naplate ili restrukturiranja kredita zbog pogoršanja kreditne sposobnosti dužnika. I dok se većina problema kašnjenja u naplati potraživanja obično rješava na adekvatan način, restrukturiranje kredita ukazuje na pad kreditnog rejtinga i predstavlja opasnost da banka neće povratiti uložena sredstva. Upravo zbog toga, procjena kreditnog rizika u banci je osnov za njeno uspješno poslovanje.Postojanje rizika uvijek je vezano za donošenje odluka, a te odluke mogu rezultovati pozitivnim ishodima ili donijeti određenu opasnost i prijetnju. Jedna od takvih odluka je i kreditna odluka, koja, ukoliko se procijeni kao loša, može rezultovati pojavom nekvalitetnih kredita koji mogu ozbiljno oštetiti finansijsku poziciju banke i imati negativan uticaj na njen rad. Prema tome, osnovni cilj menadžmenta banke treba da se odnosi na efikasno upravljanje rizicima, koje podrazumijeva identifikaciju, mjerenje i nadzor neizvjesnosti sa kojima se svi susreću obavljajući određene poslovne aktivnosti. Ukoliko se rizicima ne upravlja na adekvatan način, oni mogu dovesti u pitanje pojedinačne poslove banke, a samim tim uticati i na njeno cjelokupno poslovanje. Iako su banke izložene čitavom spektru rizika, oni se svrstavaju u četiri kategorije (finansijski, operativni, poslovni i rizik događaja) i iskazuju se u novčanom obliku.
U posljednjih nekoliko godina kredit je postao gotovo najvažniji čimbenik financijskog opstanka zajednice, jer potiče i omogućuje njezin gospodarski život i gospodarske aktivnosti. Stoga zajam potiče ...cjelokupni gospodarski razvoj te zajednice, bez obzira radi li se o obitelji, tvrtki ili čak državi. S druge strane, kredit je od velike važnosti i za banku, jer je jedan od njezinih najvažnijih proizvoda. Vrlo važan pokazatelj opsega poslovanja svake banke, ali i bankarskog sektora u cjelini, jest razina ukupnih kredita. Upravo zbog toga, u radu se analizira kreditni potencijal bankarskog sektora Bosne i Hercegovine. U istraživanju su korišteni godišnji podaci koje je objavila Centralna banka Bosne i Hercegovine, a odnose se na razdoblje od 2006. do kraja 2017. godine. S obzirom na činjenicu da su krediti najveći generator potencijalnog rizika u bankarskom poslovanju, analiziran je trend nekvalitetnih kredita u ukupnim kreditima u bankarskom sektoru Bosne i Hercegovine.
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