Effects of prenatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on child behavior are mixed with some reports suggesting increased problematic behaviors in girls (e.g., aggression and emotional reactivity) and in ...boys (i.e., externalizing behaviors), while other reports suggest decreased problematic behaviors in girls. Little is known about the potential impact of pregnancy bisphenol S (BPS) exposure on child behavior. In a prospective cohort study (n = 68), five maternal spot urine samples collected across pregnancy were pooled and analyzed for BPA and BPS. Child behavior at 2 years was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Linear regression models were used to assess associations between bisphenols concentrations and both composite and syndrome CBCL scales. Exposure x child sex interactions were included in addition to their main effects and sex-stratified analyses were conducted. Models were adjusted for maternal age, number of siblings, and child age at CBCL intake. Mean maternal age was 29.7 years. Most women were White (88%), had an annual household income ≥$50,000 (66%), and at least a college degree (81%). Median concentrations were 1.3 ng/mL (range 0.4–7.2) for BPA and 0.3 ng/mL (range 0.1–3.5) for BPS. Sex modified the relationship between BPA and scores on several syndrome scales—anxious-depressed, aggressive, and sleep problems—where the association was consistently inverse in males in lower BPA concentrations, and positive (more reported behavior problems) among girls in the higher BPA group. Higher BPS was associated with more problematic internalizing behaviors among girls but not boys, and sex modified the relationship between BPS and emotionally reactive behaviors (Pinteraction = 0.128), with sex-specific estimates revealing more emotionally reactive behaviors among girls (expβ = 3.92 95% CI 1.16, 13.27; P = 0.028) but not boys. Findings were mixed overall, but one notable finding was that BPS, a replacement for BPA, was associated with increased problematic behaviors. There is a need for replication of findings due to our small sample size.
•We evaluated pregnancy BPA and BPS, and problematic child behavior at age 2.•BPA associated with fewer internalizing but not externalizing behavior scores.•Sex modified BPA and anxious-depressed, aggressive, and sleep problems links.•BPS was associated with increased internalizing behaviors among girls only.•BPS was linked with emotionally reactive behaviors, among girls but not boys.
This investigation aimed to compare the sexing accuracy of frontal (FS) and maxillary (MS) sinus indices with multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in Brazilian adults. This cross-sectional study was ...conducted on 100 MSCT examinations (50 males and 50 females). The height, width, and diameter of the FSs and MSs were obtained with the RadiAnt software to measure four indexes (I): FSI-1 and MSI-1 (both width/ diameter); FSI-2 and MSI-2 (both height/diameter). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) were determined. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio (LR), and accuracy values were also calculated. The highest area under the ROC curve for the FS was obtained by the FSI-1 (0.712 ± 0.052; p < 0.001), whereas for the MS it was found in the MSI-2 (0.431 ± 0.058; p = 0.232). FSI-1 showed greater specificity (64%) in predicting female sex as well as greater accuracy (64%) and LR (3.16). MSI-1 had the highest sensitivity value (68%) in estimating male sex and the second highest LR value (2.13). The FSI-1 developed in the present study exhibited higher accuracy compared to the other evaluated indices, which reinforces its importance for future studies with other populations.
RESUMO:As discussões em âmbito acadêmico que consideram o potencial dos jogos digitais para além do entretenimento têm ganhado relevância e se tornado mais frequentes. A presença da tecnologia e, ...consequentemente, dos games, na vida dos jovens é uma realidade da qual os professores podem se valer para promover aulas, conteúdos e atividades mais envolventes (GEE, 2009; LEFFA; PINTO, 2014), que suscitem nos estudantes o prazer pela busca do conhecimento, o senso colaborativo e a autonomia, requisitos de especial importância em um mundo em que muitas das relações humanas são mediadas por dispositivos eletrônicos. No que se refere ao ensino de línguas, foco deste estudo, os games têm se mostrado um recurso valioso, especialmente porque permitem a abordagem dos fatos linguísticos de forma contextualizada. Neste artigo, reflete-se sobre o uso de jogos eletrônicos no ensino de língua portuguesa; especificamente, no ensino de gêneros textuais orais e escritos. Enfatiza-se a concepção sociointeracional da linguagem (KOCH, 2006) e a noção de ação social (MILLER, 2009) que revestem não só os gêneros textuais, mas também os games, uma vez que ambos constituem artefatos culturais por meio dos quais os indivíduos agem socialmente. Visando ressaltar as relações que podem ser estabelecidas entre jogos digitais e ensino de língua portuguesa, tecem-se considerações sobre conteúdos linguísticos que podem ser explorados por meio do jogo Life is Strange.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ensino; língua portuguesa; gêneros textuais; ação social; jogos eletrônicos. ABSTRACT: Academic discussions that consider the potential of digital games beyond entertainment have gained relevance and become more ubiquitous these days. The presence of technology, and consequently of games, in the lives of young people is a reality that teachers can take advantage of to promote more engaging lessons, contents and activities (GEE, 2009; LEFFA; PINTO, 2014) that could provide students with pleasure in the search for knowledge, collaborative sense and autonomy, which are requirements of special importance in a world mediated by digital electronic devices that permeate human relations. Regarding language teaching, focus of this study, games have proved to be a valuable resource, especially because they allow an approach to linguistic facts in a contextualized way. This paper then proposes a reflection on the use of electronic games in Portuguese language teaching, specifically in the oral and written textual genres teaching. It emphasizes the socio-interactional conception of language (KOCH, 2006), as well as the notion of social action (MILLER, 2009) that covers not only textual genres but also games, since both of them constitute cultural artifacts through which individuals can act socially. In order to highlight the relations that can be established between digital games and Portuguese language teaching, some considerations are made about linguistic contents that can be explored through the game Life is Strange.KEYWORDS: teaching; Portuguese language; textual genres; social action; electronic games.
The objective of this work is to reflect on unequal schooling opportunities in Brazil, focusing on certain characteristics that mark, nowadays, the schooling trajectories of young people from middle- ...and high-income families. Our previous researches showed that an important part of these families are increasingly investing in international resources, seen as a vital tool for their kids' success. This led to questions about the repercussion of this phenomenon in the strategies used by schools to fulfil parental demands. The research focuses on private schools in high-income neighbourhoods in Belo Horizonte. Interviews with school staff, an analysis on their website and other printed materials revealed that: (a) around half of the researched schools develop internationalisation initiatives such as: special programmes of foreign language learning; bilingual pedagogical projects; and trips abroad and (b) these initiatives could start in a precocious age (since kindergarten), especially foreign language learning.
Eight experiments were conducted to examine 3- and 3.5-month-old infants' responses to occlusion events. The results revealed two developments, one in infants' knowledge of when objects should and ...should not be occluded and the other in infants' ability to posit additional objects to make sense of events that would otherwise violate their occlusion knowledge. The first development is that, beginning at about 3 months of age, infants expect an object to become temporarily visible when passing behind an occluder with an opening extending from its lower edge. The second development is that, beginning at about 3.5 months of age, infants generate a two-object explanation when shown a violation in which an object
fails to become visible when passing behind an occluder with an opening in its lower edge. Unless given information contradicting such an explanation, infants infer that two identical objects are involved in the event, one traveling to the left and one to the right of the opening. These and related findings provide the basis for a model of young infants' responses to occlusion events; alternative models are also discussed.
Frontal bone fracture treatment is still an issue of research in craniofacial surgery and neurosurgery. The aims of the treatment are to reduce the complication risks and to keep the aesthetic of the ...face. Before the management of this fracture type, it is necessary to consider the permanence or not of the frontal sinus function. Rapid prototyping has been an aid tool on planning and simulation of the surgical procedure, improving the diagnostic quality and the implant manufacture, beyond reducing the operative time. Among the used materials on treatment of these fractures, titanium mesh shows large versatility and ease of handling. Poly(methyl methacrylate) has been used in defects of partial thickness or irregularities on cranial surface. The aim of this study is to report a case of a patient presenting sequelae of large fracture of anterior wall of frontal bone, treated by a titanium mesh associated with the customized poly(methyl methacrylate) implant from the rapid prototyping. It could be concluded that the use of this technique showed itself effective on patient treatment, and rapid prototyping demonstrated being a valuable tool showing predictable and satisfactory results.
Sheehan's syndrome (SS) is one of the leading causes of hypopituitarism in developing countries. It occurs after postpartum necrosis of the pituitary gland, and it is considered a significant public ...health problem. This paper, apparently unpublished, aimed to perform an analysis on oral aspects in patients with SS.
A cross-sectional study was performed with 23 women diagnosed with SS at the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes (Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Fortaleza, Brazil).
Data on sociodemographic, dental and salivary flow aspects were collected through a clinical approach and a panoramic radiograph request. The mean age was 64 ± 11.5 years old, with the sample consisting mainly of married women (56.5%), socioeconomic class C2 or D / E (78.2%) and years of education up to 8 years (69.5%). The presence of horizontal bone loss (p<0.001) and bilateral pneumatization of the maxillary sinus (p=0.015) were significant data. The mean number of absent teeth considering all subjects was 23.17±9.7, being statistically significant (p<0.001). In relation to age, the mean number of missing teeth was higher in individuals over 65 years old (p=0.048). Reduced salivary flow was observed in 78.3% of the patients. In a bivariate analysis, considering the outcome variables missing teeth and reduced salivary flow, it was observed that economic class (p<0.001), family income (0.037) and maxillary sinus pneumatization (0.032) were statistically significant.
In brief, patients with SS showed severe teeth loss, reduced salivary flow, and low educational status. This study addressed important aspects regarding oral findings in SS and highlighted the importance of researches in oral medicine.
Emotional and behavioral dysregulation during early childhood are associated with severe psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive disorders through adulthood. Identifying the earliest antecedents of ...persisting emotional and behavioral dysregulation can inform risk detection practices and targeted interventions to promote adaptive developmental trajectories among at-risk children.
To characterize children's emotional and behavioral regulation trajectories and examine risk factors associated with persisting dysregulation across early childhood.
This cohort study examined data from 20 United States cohorts participating in Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, which included 3934 mother-child pairs (singleton births) from 1990 to 2019. Statistical analysis was performed from January to August 2022.
Standardized self-reports and medical data ascertained maternal, child, and environmental characteristics, including prenatal substance exposures, preterm birth, and multiple psychosocial adversities.
Child Behavior Checklist caregiver reports at 18 to 72 months of age, with Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP = sum of anxiety/depression, attention, and aggression).
The sample included 3934 mother-child pairs studied at 18 to 72 months. Among the mothers, 718 (18.7%) were Hispanic, 275 (7.2%) were non-Hispanic Asian, 1220 (31.8%) were non-Hispanic Black, 1412 (36.9%) were non-Hispanic White; 3501 (89.7%) were at least 21 years of age at delivery. Among the children, 2093 (53.2%) were male, 1178 of 2143 with Psychosocial Adversity Index PAI data (55.0%) experienced multiple psychosocial adversities, 1148 (29.2%) were exposed prenatally to at least 1 psychoactive substance, and 3066 (80.2%) were term-born (≥37 weeks' gestation). Growth mixture modeling characterized a 3-class CBCL-DP trajectory model: high and increasing (2.3% n = 89), borderline and stable (12.3% n = 479), and low and decreasing (85.6% n = 3366). Children in high and borderline dysregulation trajectories had more prevalent maternal psychological challenges (29.4%-50.0%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that children born preterm were more likely to be in the high dysregulation trajectory (adjusted odds ratio aOR, 2.76; 95% CI, 2.08-3.65; P < .001) or borderline dysregulation trajectory (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.76; P = .02) vs low dysregulation trajectory. High vs low dysregulation trajectories were less prevalent for girls compared with boys (aOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-1.01; P = .05) and children with lower PAI (aOR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.51-2.49; P < .001). Combined increases in PAI and prenatal substance exposures were associated with increased odds of high vs borderline dysregulation (aOR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.08-1.53; P = .006) and decreased odds of low vs high dysregulation (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92; P = .005).
In this cohort study of behavioral dysregulation trajectories, associations were found with early risk factors. These findings may inform screening and diagnostic practices for addressing observed precursors of persisting dysregulation as they emerge among at-risk children.
The present research examined 2.5-month-old infants' reasoning about occlusion events. Three experiments investigated infants' ability to predict whether an object should remain continuously hidden ...or become temporarily visible when passing behind an occluder with an opening in its midsection. In Experiment 1, the infants were habituated to a short toy mouse that moved back and forth behind a screen. Next, the infants saw two test events that were identical to the habituation event except that a portion of the screen's midsection was removed to create a large window. In one event (high-window event), the window extended from the screen's upper edge; the mouse was shorter than the bottom of the window and thus did not become visible when passing behind the screen. In the other event (low-window event), the window extended from the screen's lower edge; although the mouse was shorter than the top of the window and hence should have become fully visible when passing behind the screen, it never appeared in the window. The infants tended to look equally at the high- and low-window events, suggesting that they were not surprised when the mouse failed to appear in the low window. However, positive results were obtained in Experiment 2 when the low-window event was modified: a portion of the screen above the window was removed so that the left and right sections of the screen were no longer connected (two-screens event). The infants looked reliably longer at the two-screens than at the high-window event. Together, the results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggested that, at 2.5 months of age, infants possess only very limited expectations about when objects should and should not be occluded. Specifically, infants expect objects (1) to become visible when passing between occluders and (2) to remain hidden when passing behind occluders, irrespective of whether these have openings extending from their upper or lower edges. Experiment 3 provided support for this interpretation. The implications of these findings for models of the origins and development of infants' knowledge about occlusion events are discussed.
This paper discusses three types of active teaching and learning methodologies: problem-based learning, problem-posing, and case method. It is a comparison between their theoretical foundations and ...their practices, based on a literature review. The goal is to differentiate these types of active methodologies so that educators can plan, implement and properly evaluate their uses. The results of the literature review and the comparison show, despite several similarities, important differences between these three types of active methodologies, such as: its origins and theoretical references, the construction of problems or cases, the driving and the place where the studies take place, the elaboration of hypotheses and the application of the results, among others. As future work, it is suggested that such comparisons be extended to other types of active methodologies, such as project-based learning, which is sometimes confused with the ones here studied.
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