Objectives: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed neurobehavioral disorder of childhood, yet its etiology is not well understood. In this review we present ...evidence that environmental chemicals, particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead, are associated with deficits in many neurobehavioral functions that are also impaired in ADHD. Data sources: Human and animal studies of developmental PCB or lead exposures that assessed specific functional domains shown to be impaired in ADHD children were identified via searches of PubMed using "lead" or "PCB exposure" in combination with key words, including "attention," "working memory," "response inhibition," "executive function," "cognitive function," "behavior," and "ADHD." Data synthesis: Children and laboratory animals exposed to lead or PCBs show deficits in many aspects of attention and executive function that have been shown to be impaired in children diagnosed with ADHD, including tests of working memory, response inhibition, vigilance, and alertness. Studies conducted to date suggest that lead may reduce both attention and response inhibition, whereas PCBs may impair response inhibition to a greater degree than attention. Low-level lead exposure has been associated with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD in several recent studies. Similar studies of PCBs have not been conducted. Conclusions: We speculate that exposures to environmental contaminants, including lead and PCBs, may increase the prevalence of ADHD.
The mortality rate associated with oral cancer is estimated at approximately 12,300 deaths per year, and the survival rate is only 40% to 50% for diagnosed patients and is closely related to the ...duration of time between disease perception and its diagnosis and treatment. Socioeconomic risk factors are determinants of the incidence and mortality related to oral cancer. We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 573 records of patients with oral cancer at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital - Cancer Institute of Ceará from 2000 to 2009 to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic factors on survival and epidemiological behavior of this neoplasia in a Brazilian population. In this study, patients with oral cancer were males greater than 60 years of age, presented squamous cell carcinoma in the floor of mouth and were characterized by low education levels. A total of 573 lesions were found in oral cavities. Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that the histological type, tumor stage, and low degree of education significantly influenced survival. A lower patient survival rate was correlated with a more advanced stage of disease and a worse prognosis. Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with a higher mortality when compared with other histological types of malign neoplasia.
This systematic review aimed to answer the question, “Are paranasal measurements obtained with multislice computed tomography able to accurately estimate sex?” This PROSPERO‐registered systematic ...review included six databases and gray literature. Meta‐analysis of linear and volumetric data was performed using a random‐effects model, mean differences (MDs), and inverse variance. The QUADAS‐2 tool‐related risk of bias (RoB) and certainty evidence (GRADE approach) were assessed. A total of 1651 articles were initially selected from the main electronic databases for title and screening. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 18 studies were eligible for the meta‐analysis. The screened studies included 2507 computed tomography of non‐pathologic paranasal sinuses of adults aged between 18 and 40 years. Frontal sinus (FS) width (−4.89 mm; p < 0.00001) and maxillary sinus (MS) height (−3.73 mm; p < 0.00001) showed the greatest MD between females and males. Regarding volume, the MD was significant (p < 0.00001) in both paranasal sinuses (−3.01 and −1.04 cm3, respectively). The best sensitivity (ability to identify males) and specificity (ability to identify females) were found for the anteroposterior (72.3%) and intermaxillary (69%) MS distances, respectively. In general, all studies exhibited low RoB and applicability concerns. The certainty of the evidence was categorized as very low to moderate. Both paranasal sinuses were shown to be dimorphic structures, which could be valuable tools for forensic identification using the FS width and MS anteroposterior distance measurements. However, heterogeneity among studies must be considered.
To evaluate the accuracy of the measurements of the maxillary sinus (MS) and frontal sinus (FS) in sex estimation among Brazilian adults using multislice computed tomography (MCT) and to develop and ...cross-validate a new formula for sex estimation.
The present cross-sectional research was conducted in two phases: (1) development of a formula on the basis of the measurements of both the sinuses (50 males and 50 females); and (2) validation study (20 males and 20 females). The linear measurements (height, width and diameter) were assessed using the RadiAnt DICOM software. A new formula for sex estimation was developed (multivariate statistical approach) and validated. Receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and likelihood ratio were estimated.
Males displayed higher mean values (width, height and diameter) of the FS and MS (
< 0.05). The MS was a better predictor in sex estimation (males
females), compared to the FS (accuracy between 61-74% and 58-69%, respectively). The distance between the right and left MS displayed the highest accuracy (74%). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the new formula were 80%, 95.5% and 87.5%, respectively. 63.1% reduction was observed in the number of predictive values for sex estimation (individuals older than 30 years).
The present MCT measurements showed a higher accuracy in the estimation of sex in males. The highest accuracy was associated with the distance between the right and left MS. The new formula displayed high precision for sex estimation.
Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Atrophic Mandible Fracture Florentino, Vinícius Gabriel Barros; Abreu, Diego Feijão; Ribeiro, Ney Robson Bezerra ...
The Journal of craniofacial surgery,
11/2020, Letnik:
31, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Poor proprioception, weakness, and impaired reflexes increase the incidence of facial fracture in the elderly. Mandibular fractures in these people range from 10.1% to 56%. Fragment reduction and ...fracture consolidation are difficult due to bone atrophy, decreased capacity for bone regeneration, and lack of anatomical landmarks to guide the alignment of the fragments. This study reports 2 patients with different conducts regarding the treatment of bilateral fractures in atrophic mandible. The first patient refers to the removal of plates of the 2.4 mm system with low profile, which failed during the mandibular function, being replaced by the 2.4 mm system with high profile. The 2nd clinical reports the use of the 2.0 mm system only to simplify the mandibular fracture, and then reconstructing that with a 2.4-mm system with high profile, using the load bearing principles. Regarding mandibular fractures, an important goal is to neutralize the muscle action aiming the bone stability. There are several methods to treat that the indication should consider the load bearing and load sharing concepts. The incorrect fixation choice in these patients can result in complications as bad union, material failure, infection, and consequent treatment failure.
Abstract Several studies have evaluated the parameters of normality of the sella turcica (ST), which is important to face different craniofacial syndromes that may affect this structure. Therefore, ...this research summarized the scientific evidence on the role of ST in the sex estimation of non-syndromic individuals. The research protocol was registered (Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews # CRD42021256469), followed by an electronic search in six databases (PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and LIVIVO) and gray literature (Google Scholar and OpenGrey). Meta-analysis of linear (width, length, height, and diameter) and volumetric measurements, in addition to an assessment of risk of bias (RoB) and certainty of evidence, were performed. After the screening of 986 articles, 13 were evaluated by meta-analysis (1 307 males and 1 231 females). In subgroup analysis, females had lower values for width (lateral radiograph; −0.67 mm; P = 0.040), length (computed tomography; −0.23 mm; P = 0.020), and diameter (computed tomography; −0.27 mm; P < 0.001) compared to males. There was no statistically significant difference regarding height (P = 0.95), area (P = 0.72), and volume (P = 0.21). Most studies exhibited moderate RoB, and the certainty of evidence of the outcomes was very low. In this review, significant differences were observed between the sexes for the length and diameter of the ST; however, the heterogeneity of the studies must be considered. Key points
Objectives: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed childhood neurobehavioral disorder. Much research has been done to identify genetic, environmental, and ...social risk factors for ADHD; however, we are still far from fully understanding its etiology. In this review we provide an overview of diagnostic criteria for ADHD and what is known about its biological basis. We also review the neuropsychological functions that are affected in ADHD, The goal is to familiarize the reader with the behavioral deficits that are hallmarks of ADHD and to facilitate comparisons with neurobehavioral deficits associated with environmental chemical exposures. Data sources: Relevant literature on ADHD is reviewed, focusing in particular on meta-analyses conducted between 2004 and the present that evaluated associations between measures of neuropsychological function and ADHD in children. Meta-analyses were obtained through searches of the PubMed electronic database using the terms "ADHD," "meta-analysis," "attention," "executive," and "neuropsychological functions." Although meta-analyses are emphasized, nonquantitative reviews are included for particular neuropsychological functions where no meta-analyses were available. Data synthesis: The meta-analyses indicate that vigilance (sustained attention), response inhibition, and working memory are impaired in children diagnosed with ADHD. Similar but somewhat less consistent meta-analytic findings have been reported for impairments in alertness, cognitive flexibility, and planning. Additionally, the literature suggests deficits in temporal information processing and altered responses to reinforcement in children diagnosed with ADHD. Findings from brain imagining and neurochemistry studies support the behavioral findings. Conclusions: Behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical data indicate substantial differences in attention and executive functions between children diagnosed with ADHD and non-ADHD controls. Comparisons of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with ADHD and those associated with exposures to environmental chemicals may help to identify possible environmental risk factors for ADHD and/or reveal common underlying biological mechanisms.
Facial trauma is responsible for various types of health damage and may be functional or aesthetic. Depending on the degree of energy released in this type of trauma, sometimes an irreversibility ...degree is obtained. This study aimed to perform an objective evaluation of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries resulting from mandibular fractures and midface, using silicon monofilaments.
This was an observational, cross-sectional study. All patients with maxillofacial fractures, who were hospitalized by the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Instituto Dr. José Frota Hospital, were randomly recruited and screened for inclusion in the present study. Sixty patients, victims of automobile accidents or firearms, were evaluated using Semmes Weinstein monofilaments in the regions corresponding to the mental and infraorbital nerves, right and left.
The highest frequencies mandibular nerve changes were those that there was a loss protective sensation, but in which, the patient can feel deep pressure and pain; In which the worst sensory alterations occurred in patients' victims of firearm. In the middle third of the face, the worst alterations were those that there was a loss of the protective and discriminating sensation for hot and cold.
The use of monofilaments is a support tool in oral and maxillofacial traumatology for the diagnosis and monitoring of peripheral sensory alterations.
Peripheral nerve injuries, facial trauma, wounds and injuries, accidents, traffic, violence.
► There was detected a large increase in the number of publications on the use of antimicrobial peptides. ► Highlights the focus on oral cavity AMPs in the most recently published studies. ► Many ...studies are focused on the discovery of new methods of bacterial control. ► The evaluation of the use of AMPs on microorganisms in biofilms multispecies is necessary.
Antimicrobial peptides, molecules produced in many different organisms, have high biocidal activity against several microorganisms. However, several questions about these molecules remain unclear. Therefore, this report details a systematic survey of the literature on the use of antimicrobial peptides against oral pathogens and indicates which peptides and microorganisms are most extensively studied. Articles were located using the PubMed and Science Direct databases with the following inclusion criteria: publication date between 2002 and 2011; keywords “biofilm OR biological film OR biological layer OR bacterial growth” AND “peptide” AND “oral cavity OR mouth OR buccal mucosa OR oral mucosa OR mouth mucosa”; and abstract in English. A total of 73 articles were selected after refinement of the data. An increase in publications focusing on the use of antimicrobial peptides against oral microorganisms was observed. In addition, the peptides produced by cells of the oral mucosa (defensins, LL-37 and histatins) as well as Streptococcus mutans (among cariogenic bacteria) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (among periodontal bacteria) were the most studied subjects. It was concluded that the use of antimicrobial peptides as a tool for microbial control is of increasing importance, likely due to its widespread use, mechanism of action, and low rates of bacterial resistance.
Neste artigo, temos como objetivo apresentar a aplicação da metodologia de aprendizagem por pares adaptada a uma atividade de revisão de texto acadêmico, especificamente de resumo de dissertação de ...mestrado. Para o desenvolvimento dessa proposta, buscamos o aporte teórico que trata de metodologias ativas, bem como de interação e de escrita como processo recursivo, do qual faz parte a etapa de revisão. Entendemos que abordar o ensino da escrita acadêmica da perspectiva de tais metodologias permite alinhá-lo ao paradigma atual, segundo o qual, o aluno assume um papel ativo na própria aprendizagem, e o professor torna-se um orientador de caminhos que possibilitam a construção individual e coletiva de conhecimentos.
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