The multimicrogrid system is a complicated nonlinear system, which brings performance degradation due to deficient damping under the unexpected fluctuation in power generation due to the presence of ...renewable sources, dynamically changing loading conditions, and parameter variations. Owing to this, to provide consistent electric power with superlative attribute, sturdy and intelligent control techniques are amazingly imperative in the automatic generation control of microgrid (MG). The application of imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA)-based fractional-order integral proportional derivative with filter (IPDF), i.e., integral tilt derivative with filter controller (ITDF) controller in frequency control in two areas interconnected MG (isolation mode) with renewable penetration, is a novel work. A maiden attempt of the ICA is proposed to optimize the gains of the ITDF controller utilizing the integral time absolute error criterion. To demonstrate the supremacy of ICA, its outcomes are contrasted with two existing optimization strategies, namely the genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is revealed by contrasting the dynamic responses of multi microgrid (MMG) with proportional integral derivative with filter (PIDF) and tilt integral derivative with filter (TIDF) controllers. At last, a sensitivity investigation is performed to exhibit the power of the studied strategy to wide variations in the MG parameters, magnitude as well as the location of step/random load disturbance. The proposed MMG is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Increased problem of air pollution has led automotive industry to develop clean and efficient fuel based transportation and Electric Vehicles (EVs) appear to be the most suitable alternatives to ...conventional IC engine based vehicles. Fast charging of EVs is required to make EVs widely accepted as charging time is the key barrier standing in the way of widespread acceptance of EVs. Different strategies have been proposed for the deployment and integration of public fast charging, emphasizing on the power quality aspects and charging load management techniques. This paper presents the model of a fast electric vehicle charging station connected to the grid ensuring quality power transfer with reduced harmonic currents. The charging station consists of a converter connecting grid to a DC bus where EVs get connected through battery chargers. The control of individual vehicle charging process is decentralized and a separate control is provided to deal with the power transfer from AC grid to the DC bus. An energy management strategy based on optimal power flow is also proposed by integrating a solar PV generation system with charging station to alleviate the impact of fast charging on the grid. The combined system along with the power output of EV fleet batteries available at the charging station reduces the net energy provided by the grid, thereby decreasing the overall load on the grid as well as minimizing the conversion losses.
Transportation networks are essential to the functioning of modern societies. They provide access to goods, services, and opportunities, connecting people and places. However, the efficient and ...effective management of these networks is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration of numerous factors, including capacity, demand, congestion, and user behavior. Game theory (GT) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing transportation systems and developing strategies to optimize their performance. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the application of GT in transportation networks from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. Specifically, it examines how GT has been used to analyze the behavior of individual travelers and transportation providers and how it has been used to develop strategies for managing congestion, improving efficiency, and reducing emissions. Lastly, the manuscript provides a roadmap for future research and highlights the challenges in the application of GT in transportation networks.
Noise pollution caused by urbanization and industrial development must be effectively controlled to provide a pleasant living atmosphere. Different synthetic fiber materials have good acoustic ...performance, yet synthetic fiber materials have a high cost and have adverse effect on the environment. Natural fibers are a good alternative to synthetic fibers in terms of acoustic properties and they are also less expensive and have less environmental impact. Several factors affects the acoustic behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs). The present article focuses on the effect of different processing methods, reinforcement architecture, fiber diameter, laminate thickness and density on the acoustic performance of NFRPCs. Reinforcement architecture has been proved to be the best option in order to tailor the various acoustic properties of the composite laminates without even changing other physical properties. The challenges, future scope and potential applications of natural fibers in acoustic applications (home theaters, offices, cinema halls, automobiles, etc.) have also been discussed.
The article includes how the reinforcement architecture of the fiber affects the acoustic behavior of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs). Also, the various processing methods of NFRPCs are highlighted along their effect on acoustic behavior. Various theoretical and experimental methods to evaluate acoustic properties are identified along with their advantages and disadvantages. Due to the promising properties of natural fibers and their composites, they are constantly being used in wide range of applications for various acoustic applications. In the coming years, the practical value of natural materials/fibers for acoustic applications will increase by developing different combinations of composites which can be used for acoustic applications.
In contemporary days, the research and development enterprises have been focusing to design intelligently the battery swap station (BSS) architecture having the prospects of providing a consistent ...platform for the successful installation of the large‐scale fleet of hybrid and electric vehicles (i.e. xEVs). The BSS may calibrate its subsystem for the electric vehicle (EV) deployment by accomplishing similar idea as in existing gasoline refuelling stations, in which the discharged batteries are being replaced or swapped by partially or fully charged ones by spending a few minutes. The BSS approach has arisen as a promising technology to the traditional EV recharging station approach as it provides a broader experience of business prospects for the specific stakeholders. This work deals with the introduction to BSS including infrastructure, techniques, benefits over charging station and key challenges associated with BSS. Furthermore, an S34X‐smart swapping station for xEVs is proposed and finally, the key thrust is research for BSS is discussed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first kind of review work on BSS.
This paper presents dual-stage fractional order PID controller to enhance the primary frequency regulation of interconnected multi-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu ...</tex-math></inline-formula>grids in standalone mode. A rational, non-integer ordered calculus-based controller is assessed via a single-area microgrid system pursued by a two-area microgrid to integrate a tidal power plant (TPP). Additionally, it is employed with conventional units in frequency control to certify system steadiness. Thus, a strategy to showcase the contribution of TPP in frequency regulation with the integration of the diesel engine power plant is proposed. Also, the proposed methodology shows the support of TPP in primary frequency regulation strategies such as inertia, damping control, and supplementary control with deloading activity. For getting superior outcomes and enhanced steadiness of the microgrid, the controller gains are streamlined utilizing an imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). To demonstrate the efficiency of ICA, The obtained results are compared with the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed investigation is conducted in single-area and two-area microgrid systems through MATLAB simulation verification. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
The effectiveness and liquidity of the Power Exchange (PX) has improved since their commencement in 2008. Under the impact of Indian electricity Act 2003, it introduces the open access provision to ...end up the monopolies that have been adopted by various state electricity boards. The presented work comprises of two parts. The first part includes the current scenario of Indian energy infrastructure. Second part deals with the assessment of the total transacted energy at various contracts of PXs. The various contracts include the day ahead market, term ahead market, renewable energy certificates, and energy saving certificates. The assessment reveals that the total renewable energy source contribution through PXs under the renewable purchase obligation (RPO). Further, the assessment presents the analysis of unmet target of RPOs. Furthermore, we discuss the new norm set by the GoI in order to fulfill the targeted goal of 8% solar based and 11% non-solar RPOs. Moreover, the structure and achievements of energy saving certificates are investigated. The total uncleared transacted electricity volume due to congestion has been shown. Moreover, the detailed steps taken by PXs to handle the risk management is discussed.
•Overview of pre and post of IEA 2003 of the Indian Power Market.•Summary of Short Term power market.•Analysis of transacted volume at power exchange.•Assessment of non-cleared volume at PXs due to congestion.•Handling of risk management in DAM, TAM, and RECs.
Dielectric fluids or commonly oils serve as the protection of any power utility components, which make it selection crucial for utility. Due to its significance, consistent research has been ...performed and new insulants have been introduced for power utilities to attain better, reliable, and a longer lifespan than the former one. Nanotechnology-based insulating liquids are still under research but show the potential to achieve the objective of smart and futuristic insulation. This paper provides the critical review for the development of insulating liquid and promising results shown by the nanoparticles dispersed fluid termed nanofluids. The state-of-the-art research illustration includes synthesis, experimental investigation, and dielectric and physio-mechanical characterization of nanofluids. The enhancements in the characteristics of nanofluids are elucidated along with its possible mechanisms and shortcomings.
The output of photovoltaic (PV) systems is significantly impacted by the vagaries of ambient temperature, solar irradiance, and environmental fluctuations. To achieve the utmost attainable power from ...PV systems, it is desired to be efficient at the maximum power point in diverse weather climates. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used to schedule a designated location from where the highest power can be harvested. In the context of solar photovoltaic systems connected with DC microgrid platforms, this study introduces a recently developed drone squadron optimization (DSO) scheme that tracks the global maximum power point under PSCS difficulties. Furthermore, an exhaustive comparative analysis has been presented among particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search algorithm (CUSA), and grey wolf optimization (GWO) under different operating environments to endorse the supremacy of the nominated technique. The suggested method performs noticeably faster than many other methods currently in use, and in addition to offering the highest power, it can also use bidirectional power flow regulation in both constant and variable air conditions. Lastly, an MPPT system interfaced with the DC microgrid based on DSO ensures a sustainable and reliable architecture to provide at load in low power generating situations.
With the falling cost of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and the shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy in many countries, the integration of DERs is expected to grow. This can lead to a wide ...range of problems in the power system, such as voltage violations, overloading of distribution lines, reverse power flow, etc. Therefore, it is imperative to account for these adverse effects of the integration of DERs on the distribution network and minimize their impact when calculating the Hosting Capacity (HC). Two algorithms are presented in this study derived from a novel modified iterative method and a novel Repeated Particle Swarm Optimization (RPSO) method for determining the HC for multiple DER units simultaneously or a single DER unit integrating into radial or mesh networks. These algorithms calculate the optimal HC based on six scenarios of annual load and DER generation profiles. The developed algorithms were tested on the IEEE 123 bus network, and their results were compared. For a large-scale DER case, the modified iterative method significantly outperforms both the PSO and the normal iterative method in terms of computation time (30 minutes versus 3 hours versus 6 hours, respectively). In the case of multiple DERs, the RPSO method is the only option, as the other two methods cannot simultaneously optimize multiple DERs. As a result, it has been concluded that it is necessary to select HC calculation methods carefully and in accordance with the application, as each method has its own strengths and weaknesses.
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