OBJECTIVE:To report the rates and predictors of progression from normal cognition to either mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia using standardized neuropsychological methods.
METHODS:A ...prospective cohort of patients diagnosed with Parkinson disease (PD) and baseline normal cognition was assessed for cognitive decline, performance, and function for a minimum of 2 years, and up to 6. A panel of movement disorders experts classified patients as having normal cognition, MCI, or dementia, with 55/68 (80.9%) of eligible patients seen at year 6. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine cognitive decline and its predictors.
RESULTS:We enrolled 141 patients, who averaged 68.8 years of age, 63% men, who had PD on average for 5 years. The cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment was 8.5% at year 1, increasing to 47.4% by year 6. All incident MCI cases had progressed to dementia by year 5. In a multivariate analysis, predictors of future decline were male sex (p = 0.02), higher Unified Parkinsonʼs Disease Rating Scale motor score (p ≤ 0.001), and worse global cognitive score (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS:Approximately half of patients with PD with normal cognition at baseline develop cognitive impairment within 6 years and all new MCI cases progress to dementia within 5 years. Our results show that the transition from normal cognition to cognitive impairment, including dementia, occurs frequently and quickly. Certain clinical and cognitive variables may be useful in predicting progression to cognitive impairment in PD.
Past few years, the mobile technology and location based services have experienced a great increment in number of its users. The privacy issues related to these services are becoming main concerns ...because of the leakage of users’ private information and contents. To prevent revelation of private information, many researchers have proposed several secure and authentication schemes which apply various technologies to provide integral security properties, such as symmetric encryption, digital signature, timestamp, etc. Unfortunately, some of these schemes still exhibit security and efficiency issues. In this research paper, we proposed an efficient and secure anonymous communication for location based service using asymmetric cryptography scheme over the wireless system was attempted missing some system detail. We also proposed the prevent user private information and secure communication by asymmetric cryptography scheme. We solved the wireless communication problem in A3 algorithm such as eavesdropping and this problem solved by asymmetric cryptography scheme because of its robustness against this type of attack by providing mutual authentication make the system more secure. Finally, performance and cost analysis show our scheme is more suitable for low-power and resource limited wireless system and thus availability for real implementation. According to our security analysis and performance, we can prove that our proposed asymmetric cryptography scheme is able to improve wireless communication system security and enhance efficiency in comparison to previous schemes.
Reactive power dispatch is a vital problem in the operation, planning and control of power system for obtaining a fixed economic load expedition. An optimal dispatch reduces the grid congestion ...through the minimization of the active power loss. This strategy involves adjusting the transformer tap settings, generator voltages and reactive power sources, such as flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS). The optimal dispatch improves the system security, voltage profile, power transfer capability and overall network efficiency. In the present work, a fractional evolutionary approach achieves the desired objectives of reactive power planning by incorporating FACTS devices. Two compensation arrangements are possible: the shunt type compensation, through Static Var compensator (SVC) and the series compensation through the Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC). The fractional order Darwinian Particle Swarm Optimization (FO-DPSO) is implemented on the standard IEEE 30, IEEE 57 and IEEE 118 bus test systems. The power flow analysis is used for determining the location of TCSC, while the voltage collapse proximity indication (VCPI) method identifies the location of the SVC. The superiority of the FO-DPSO is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained by other techniques in terms of measure of central tendency, variation indices and time complexity.
Objective
To use digital histology in a large autopsy cohort of Lewy body disorder (LBD) patients with dementia to test the hypotheses that co‐occurring Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology impacts the ...anatomic distribution of α‐synuclein (SYN) pathology and that co‐occurring neocortical tau pathology in LBDs associates with worse cognitive performance and occurs in a pattern differing from AD.
Methods
Fifty‐five autopsy‐confirmed LBD (Parkinson disease with dementia, n = 36; dementia with Lewy bodies, n = 19) patients and 25 AD patients were studied. LBD patients were categorized as having moderate/severe AD copathology (SYN + AD = 20) or little/no AD copathology (SYN−AD = 35). Digital measures of tau, β‐amyloid (Aβ), and SYN histopathology in neocortical and subcortical/limbic regions were compared between groups and related to antemortem cognitive testing.
Results
SYN burden was higher in SYN + AD than SYN−AD in each neocortical region (F1, 54 = 5.6–6.0, p < 0.02) but was equivalent in entorhinal cortex and putamen (F1, 43–49 = 0.7–1.7, p > 0.2). SYN + AD performed worse than SYN−AD on a temporal lobe–mediated naming task (t27 = 2.1, p = 0.04). Antemortem cognitive test scores inversely correlated with tau burden (r = −0.39 to −0.68, p < 0.05). AD had higher tau than SYN + AD in all regions (F1, 43 = 12.8–97.2, p < 0.001); however, SYN + AD had a greater proportion of tau in the temporal neocortex than AD (t41 = 2.0, p < 0.05), whereas AD had a greater proportion of tau in the frontal neocortex than SYN + AD (t41 = 3.3, p < 0.002). SYN + AD had similar severity and distribution of neocortical Aβ compared to AD (F1, 40–43 = 1.6–2.0, p > 0.1).
Interpretation
LBD patients with AD copathology harbor greater neocortical SYN pathology. Regional tau pathology relates to cognitive performance in LBD dementia, and its distribution may diverge from pure AD. Tau copathology contributes uniquely to the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in LBD. Ann Neurol 2018; 1–13 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:259–271.
Recently, numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and CO
2
emissions. However, only a few studies have examined the effect of green innovation on ...environmental quality; among them, none has investigated the same issue in South Asian countries. Thus, this study aims to empirically analyze the relationship between green innovations and environmental quality in South Asian economies. This study uses the panel data set for five South Asian developing economies over the period 1990–2014. We employ a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to check the long-run relationship among variables. Moreover, we utilize the panel co-integration tests to confirm the relationship among variables. The findings of this research indicate that green innovation significantly improves environmental quality in South Asia. The outcomes of this study will offer better policy options to policymakers for environmental sustainability through green innovation in South Asia.
Parkinson disease patients develop clinically significant cognitive impairment at variable times over their disease course, which is often preceded by milder deficits in memory, visuo-spatial, and ...executive domains. The significance of amyloid-β accumulation to these problems is unclear. We hypothesized that amyloid-β PET imaging by 18F-florbetapir, a radiotracer that detects fibrillar amyloid-β plaque deposits, would identify subjects with global cognitive impairment or poor performance in individual cognitive domains in non-demented Parkinson disease patients. We assessed 61 non-demented Parkinson disease patients with detailed cognitive assessments and 18F-florbetapir PET brain imaging. Scans were interpreted qualitatively (positive or negative) by two independent nuclear medicine physicians blinded to clinical data, and quantitatively by a novel volume-weighted method. The presence of mild cognitive impairment was determined through an expert consensus process using Level 1 criteria from the Movement Disorder Society. Nineteen participants (31.2%) were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and the remainder had normal cognition. Qualitative 18F-florbetapir PET imaging was positive in 15 participants (24.6%). Increasing age and presence of an APOE ε4 allele were associated with higher composite 18F-florbetapir binding. In multivariable models, an abnormal 18F-florbetapir scan by expert rating was not associated with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. However, 18F-florbetapir retention values in the posterior cingulate gyrus inversely correlated with verbal memory performance. Retention values in the frontal cortex, precuneus, and anterior cingulate gyrus retention values inversely correlated with naming performance. Regional cortical amyloid-β amyloid, as measured by 18F-florbetapir PET, may be a biomarker of specific cognitive deficits in non-demented Parkinson disease patients.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A theoretical investigation on heat transfer of nanofluid transport in a ciliated channel is presented. A mathematical model for cilia oriented nanofluid transport through the human male reproductive ...tract is exhibited. Considering the structure of tubules, the Reynolds number is considered very small. The concept of a long wavelength approximation is incorporated to model the nanofluid flow problem. The exact analytical expressions for the x-component of velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, stream function, volume flow rate, and pressure gradient are calculated. The solution for the transverse component of velocity, pressure rise per wavelength, and friction force on the wall of the channel is explored numerically, while variations in crucial flow parameters are examined graphically.
This study investigates the transportation of mass and heat in the 3D flow of hybrid nanofluids over a rotating disk in the presence of uniform magnetic field acting along the transverse direction to ...the flow. Water is being used as a base fluid mixed with nanoparticles of aluminum oxide and copper. The mathematical model of the nano-fluidic problem in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs) is formulated by considering the velocity slip at the boundary and heat transport mechanism due to thermal convection and radiation effects. Suitable similarity transformations are being used to transform the governing system of PDEs into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The transformed model is then analyzed by employing the competency of the Lobatto IIIA technique. Numerical and graphical illustrations are presented for the analysis of different flow parameters by varying velocities and temperature profiles. The behavior of heat transfer rate and coefficient skin friction is also studied numerically for the presented flow model.
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