HLA run time infrastructure: A comparative study Akram, Aamir; Sarfraz, Muhammad Shahzad; Shoaib, Umar
Mehran University research journal of engineering and technology,
10/2019, Letnik:
38, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Distributed computer simulation systems use a general-purpose architecture known as HLA (High Level Architecture). HLA aims to provide common architecture for all types of distributed modeling and ...simulations by providing interoperability and reusability among simulations. A middleware known as RTI (Run Time Infrastructure) provides distributed simulation services under HLA. RTI offers a communication framework which is necessary for federates to interact during simulation process. Many RTI implementations are available commercially and are open source to achieve reusability and interoperability by implementing HLA. However, functionality and performance of RTI is based on its structure. This review presents the performance analysis of multiple RTI implementations, so that the best suitable RTI can be selected for a given simulation scenario and provides the structural comparison of central and service distributed RTI. It also presents the performance analysis of multiple RTI implementations and provides the structural comparison of CeRTI (Central Run Time Infrastructure) and SDRTI (Service Distributed Run Time Infrastructure). Many simulations use HLA, and RTI as basic part of these simulations. This comparative study describes characteristics of different RTIs, their comparisons and implementations that will help the reader to select suitable RTI according to environment and requirements.
To investigate the reliability of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) as a marker of cardiovascular disease risk and its correlation with CVD risk factors.
It is a sub-study of the second National ...Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016–2017, an epidemiological survey including both genders with >20 years of age in all four provinces of Pakistan. Out of 213 clusters, twenty-seven clusters were selected and households were identified from each cluster. Selected members of every 10th household were counseled for a visit to the campsite after observing an overnight fast. Standardized techniques were used for measuring height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Biochemical parameters including oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and various lipid-derived parameter/ratios were also analyzed via standardized methods.
A total of 7351 individuals were selected for this sub-analysis after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Mean AIP score was calculated as 0.38 ± 0.31 with statistically significant difference among all groups (p < 0.0001), and according to the AIP risk categorization, a majority of 6996 individuals (95.2%) fell in the high-risk category of developing CVD, whereas 258 (3.5%) were in moderate and only 97 (1.3%) individuals were found in the low-risk category. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed male gender and diabetes as risk factors for developing CVD based on the AIP score. Furthermore, various lipid-derived parameters LDL-C and HDL-C, TG and HDL-C, lipoprotein combined index (LCI) were shown a strong correlation with AIP.
The significant association between AIP and CVD risk factors exists and high levels of AIP in Pakistani population may be an alarming sign in developing cardiovascular disease.
ObjectiveThe second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (second NDSP) was planned to ascertain the updated prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors at the national and ...provincial levels.Research design and methodsThe survey was conducted by using multistage clustering technique in all four provinces of Pakistan from February 2016 to August 2017. An estimated sample size of 10 800 was calculated using probability sampling and multistage stratified sampling technique. Twenty-seven clusters were selected out of total 213 clusters from all four provinces (strata) of Pakistan. A total of 46 subclusters were selected by using the ‘Rule of thumb’. Out of 12 486 targeted individuals, 10 834 study subjects finally participated in the study (87% response rate). Seventeen trained teams collected data using the structured questionnaire. The clinical and anthropometric measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio while the blood tests included Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), haemoglobin A1c and fasting lipid profiles. WHO criteria were used for the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes.ResultsOverall weighted prevalence of diabetes was 26.3%, of which 19.2% had known diabetes, and 7.1% were newly diagnosed people with diabetes. Prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas was 28.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Prevalence of pre-diabetes was 14.4% (15.5% in urban areas and 13.9% in rural areas). Age greater than or equal to 43 years, family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia were significant associated risk factors for diabetes.ConclusionThe findings of the 2nd NDSP imply that diabetes has reached epidemic proportion and urgently need national strategies for early diagnosis and effective management as well as cost-effective diabetes primary prevention programme in Pakistan.
BACKGROUND:Rilpivirine (RPV) is the latest non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) to be approved by Food and Drug Administration to combat HIV-1 infections. NNRTIs inhibit the ...chemical step in viral DNA synthesis by binding to an allosteric site located about 10 Å from the polymerase active site of reverse transcriptase (RT). Although NNRTIs potently inhibit the replication of wild-type HIV-1, the binding site is not conserved, and mutations arise in the binding pocket. Doravirine (DOR) is a new NNRTI in phase III clinical trials.
METHODS:Using a single round HIV-1 infection assay, we tested RPV and DOR against a broad panel of NNRTI-resistant mutants to determine their respective activities. We also used molecular modeling to determine if the susceptibility profile of each compound was related to how they bind RT.
RESULTS:Several mutants displayed decreased susceptibility to DOR. However, with the exception of E138K, our data suggest that the mutations that reduce the potency of DOR and RPV are non-overlapping. Thus, these 2 NNRTIs have the potential to be used together in combination therapy. We also show that the location at which DOR and RPV bind with the NNRTI binding pocket of RT correlates with the differences in their respective susceptibility to the panel of NNRTI-resistance mutations.
CONCLUSIONS:This shows that (1) DOR is susceptible to a number of well-known NNRTI resistance mutations and (2) an understanding of the mutational susceptibilities and binding interactions of NNRTIs with RT could be used to develop pairs of compounds with non-overlapping mutational susceptibilities.
To determine the status of cold chain and knowledge and practices of health workers about cold chain maintenance in routine immunisation health centres.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in ...Quetta, Pakistan, from May to July 2012, and comprised health facilities in the district. We interviewed the staff responsible for vaccine storage and cold chain maintenance and used a checklist to assess cold chain maintenance of routine expanded programme on immunisation vaccines. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis..
Of the 42 health facilities, staff of 13(30%) wrongly indicated that measles and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin were cold sensitive vaccines. Temperature of the ice-lined refrigerators was not maintained twice daily in 18(43%) centres. There were no voltage stabilisers and standby power generators in 31(74%) and 38(90%) centres, respectively. Vaccine arrangement was found to be inappropriate in ice-lined refrigerators of 38(90%) centres and ice packs were incorrectly used in carriers in 22(52%) centres. Vaccine stock was not charted in 39(93%) centres. Moreover, 4(10%) facilities did not have dedicated expanded programme on immunisation rooms whereas about 5(12%) and 33(79%) had no vaccinator and separate expanded programme on immunisation incharge appointed. Also, 32(76%) centres did not have a female vaccinator appointed.
Although the majority of health staff had adequate knowledge, there were weaknesses in practice of maintaining the cold chain.
Aim: To assess the prevalence and its associated risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural areas of Pakistan.
Methods: This study is the part of second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan ...(NDSP) 2016-2017, a large community-based epidemiological survey. Hypertension was determined for urban/rural areas of all four provinces of Pakistan. Known hypertensives were considered as individuals with self-reported history of hypertension and/or taking any antihypertensive drug and newly diagnosed hypertension is defined; as systolic blood pressure was ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Detailed information of the survey participants were obtained from the second NDSP 2016-2017 predesigned questionnaire, which has been published earlier.
Results: Overall, age adjusted weighted prevalence of hypertension was 46.2%, of which 24.9% had self-reported hypertension and 21.3% were newly diagnosed hypertensive. Prevalence of hypertension in urban and rural areas was 44.3% and 46.8%, respectively. Highest weighted prevalence of hypertension was observed in Punjab 49.2% followed by Sindh 46.3%, Baluchistan 40.9%, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 33.3%. Hypertension was more prevalent in rural areas compared to urban areas except in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where it was more prevalent in urban areas. Age, female gender, marital status, positive family history of hypertension, low physical activity, positive family history of diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia were significantly associated with hypertension.
Conclusion: This study concludes that 46.2% prevalence of hypertension is alarming in Pakistan with its associated risk factors. Hence, implementation laws with lifestyle changes and educating people are required on urgent basis to control or reduce hypertension prevalence.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
Dyslipidemia is a major risk issue for the development of cardiovascular disease. The aim of our study was to observe the pattern and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Pakistani population.
...Methodology
This is a sub analysis of a population based second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016–2017 in adults aged 20 years or above, carried out from February 2016 to August 2017 across Pakistan. Multi stage sampling technique was used for the stratification of population, based on rural and urban domains. District wise clusters and sub clusters were selected i.e. 27 and 46 in number. Subjects, consented to participate were requested to come after an overnight fast for anthropometric measurements, oral glucose tolerance test and fasting lipid profile (except for subjects with self-reported diabetes). Dyslipidemia was identified using Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines.
Results
A total of 10,834 subjects (43.8% male and 56.2% female) having mean age of 43.8 ± 14.0 years, participated in the survey. Of the subjects studied, 39.3% had hypercholesterolemia, 48.9% had hypertriglyceridemia, 39.7% had high LDL-C levels while 83.9% men and 90% women had low HDL levels. High cholesterol and triglyceride levels were highest in 50–59 years age group, while high LDL and low HDL was most common in 40–49 years age group. Diabetes, obesity and hypertension were found to be the significant determinants for dyslipidemia.
Conclusion
Prevalence of dyslipidemia seems to be very high in Pakistan, necessitating an urgent call for early screening and effective management through lifestyle intervention and appropriate lipid lowering drugs to prevent this important cardiovascular risk factor.
To observe the glycemic status among individuals with undiagnosed diabetes in urban and rural areas of all four provinces of Pakistan.
The findings of this study are obtained from the second National ...Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP) 2016–2017, a nationwide epidemiological survey. Out of 12,486 individuals approached, 10,834 participants agreed to be included in the second NDSP. An oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess undiagnosed diabetes individuals according to World Health Organization criteria.
The overall weighted prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 7.1% (2.4% in urban and 4.7% in rural areas). Based on isolated fasting plasma glucose or 2-h post 75 gm glucose load or combining both, the weighted prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 43.5%, 17.6%, and 38.9%, respectively. Out of the 43.5% of individuals, 15.3% had fasting plasma glucose higher than 250 mg/dl at the time of presentation. Among all the individuals, 23.7% were found to be of less than 40 years of age, 29.2% had a positive family history of diabetes, 80.8% were abdominal obese, 53.8% were hypertensive, and 98% were dyslipidemic. In comparison to the elder group, poor glycemic control of ≥10% HbA1c was observed in most of the younger age groups (p < 0.05).
A significant number of people remain undiagnosed in this part of the world. The glycemic status along with the other associated risk factors at the time of presentation is alarming. Thus, for the early detection of diabetes, awareness and education in the community are crucial. Hence, long-term complications of diabetes can be prevented.
•The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 7.1%, according to the second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan 2016–2017.•More than 15% of individuals had fasting plasma glucose greater than 250 mg/dl at the time of presentation.•The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was higher in rural as compared to urban areas.•Among all individuals with undiagnosed diabetes, one-quarter of the population were less than 40 years of age.
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a class of antiretroviral compounds that bind in an allosteric binding pocket in HIV-1 RT, located about 10 Å from the polymerase active ...site. Binding of an NNRTI causes structural changes that perturb the alignment of the primer terminus and polymerase active site, preventing viral DNA synthesis. Rilpivirine (RPV) is the most recent NNRTI approved by the FDA, but like all other HIV-1 drugs, suboptimal treatment can lead to the development of resistance. To generate better compounds that could be added to the current HIV-1 drug armamentarium, we have developed several RPV analogs to combat viral variants that are resistant to the available NNRTIs.
Using a single-round infection assay, we identified several RPV analogs that potently inhibited a broad panel of NNRTI resistant mutants. Additionally, we determined that several resistant mutants selected by either RPV or Doravirine (DOR) caused only a small increase in susceptibility to the most promising RPV analogs.
The antiviral data suggested that there are RPV analogs that could be candidates for further development as NNRTIs, and one of the most promising compounds was modeled in the NNRTI binding pocket. This model can be used to explain why this compound is broadly effective against the panel of NNRTI resistance mutants.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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