The citric acid cycle is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids. It is the most important metabolic pathway for the energy supply to the body. TCA is the most ...important central pathway connecting almost all the individual metabolic pathways. In this review article, introduction, regulation and energetics of TCA cycle have been discussed. The present study was carried out to review literature on TCA cycle.
Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health dilemma and is currently the most common tumour in the globe. Awareness of breast cancer, public attentiveness, and advancement in breast imaging has ...made a positive impact on recognition and screening of breast cancer. Breast cancer is life-threatening disease in females and the leading cause of mortality among women population. For the previous two decades, studies related to the breast cancer has guided to astonishing advancement in our understanding of the breast cancer, resulting in further proficient treatments. Amongst all the malignant diseases, breast cancer is considered as one of the leading cause of death in post menopausal women accounting for 23% of all cancer deaths. It is a global issue now, but still it is diagnosed in their advanced stages due to the negligence of women regarding the self inspection and clinical examination of the breast. This review addresses anatomy of the breast, risk factors, epidemiology of breast cancer, pathogenesis of breast cancer, stages of breast cancer, diagnostic investigations and treatment including chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapies, hormone replacement therapy, radiation therapy, complementary therapies, gene therapy and stem-cell therapy etc for breast cancer.
A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs Kausar, Shamaila; Said Khan, Fahad; Ishaq Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Muhammad ...
International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology,
2021, Letnik:
35
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Antiviral drugs are a class of medicines particularly used for the treatment of viral infections. Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. Viruses are among the major pathogenic ...agents that cause number of serious diseases in humans, animals and plants. Viruses cause many diseases in humans, from self resolving diseases to acute fatal diseases. Developing strategies for the antiviral drugs are focused on two different approaches: Targeting the viruses themselves or the host cell factors. Antiviral drugs that directly target the viruses include the inhibitors of virus attachment, inhibitors of virus entry, uncoating inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, inhibitors of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase and the inhibitors of integrase. The inhibitors of protease (ritonavir, atazanavir and darunavir), viral DNA polymerase (acyclovir, tenofovir, valganciclovir and valacyclovir) and of integrase (raltegravir) are listed among the Top 200 Drugs by sales during 2010s. Still no effective antiviral drugs are available for many viral infections. Though, there are a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, many for influenza and some new antiviral drugs for treating hepatitis C infection and HIV. Action mechanism of antiviral drugs consists of its transformation to triphosphate following the viral DNA synthesis inhibition. An analysis of the action mechanism of known antiviral drugs concluded that they can increase the cell’s resistance to a virus (interferons), suppress the virus adsorption in the cell or its diffusion into the cell and its deproteinisation process in the cell (amantadine) along with antimetabolites that causes the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis. This review will address currently used antiviral drugs, mechanism of action and antiviral agents reported against COVID-19.
A complex Pythagorean fuzzy set (CPFS) is an extension of a Pythagorean fuzzy set that is used to handle the vagueness with the degrees whose ranges are enlarged from real to complex subset with unit ...disc. In this research study, we propose the innovative concept of complex Pythagorean fuzzy graphs (CPFGs). Further, we present the concepts of regular and edge regular graphs in a complex Pythagorean fuzzy environment. Moreover, we develop a complex Pythagorean fuzzy graph based multi-attribute decision making an approach to handling the situations in which the graphic structure of attributes is obscure. A numerical example concerning information technology improvement project selection is utilized to illustrate the availability of the developed approach.
Medical diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person’s symptoms or signs. The complexity and uncertainty of diagnostic information make the diagnostic process ...difficult to accomplish. Many theories concerned with medical diagnosis such as fuzzy set theory, rough set theory and soft set theory are presented in the past. We are concerned with bipolar fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. The main purpose is to provide guidance for determining a patient’s health status and evaluating the factors influencing that status in bipolar fuzzy environment. Bipolar fuzzy set theory offers a useful tool for developing knowledge-based systems in MCDM methods. Since the diagnosis of an appropriate disease involves bipolar judgement, we utilize bipolar fuzzy Technique for the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and YinYang bipolar fuzzy Elimination and Choice Translating Reality (ELECTRE) in medical diagnosis, where the various diseases for various symptoms and weights of various symptoms are assessed using bipolar fuzzy information and fuzzy information, respectively. Comparison of BF-TOPSIS and BF-ELECTRE-I is presented. The illustrated methods demonstrate the practicability, feasibility and sustainability of diagnostic process. BF-TOPSIS gives one diseases as diagnosis, whereas BF-ELECTRE-I gives the set of diseases as diagnosis. Moreover, the comparison analysis demonstrates which diagnostic process is more credible and accurate. This article presents two powerful MCDM techniques for the diagnosis of a disease in which the pairwise comparison of diseases and symptoms is considered in bipolar behavior.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small single-stranded and highly conserved non-coding RNAs, which are closely linked to cardiac disorders such as myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyocyte ...hypertrophy, and heart failure. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that miRNAs determine the fate of the heart by regulating cardiac cell death and regeneration after MI. A deep understanding of the pathophysiology of miRNA dependent regulatory pathways in these processes is required. The role of miRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets also needs to be explored in order to utilize them in clinical settings. This review summarizes the role of miRNAs in myocardial infarction and focuses mainly on their influence on cardiomyocyte regeneration and cell death including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. In addition, the targets of pro- and anti-MI miRNAs are comparatively described. In particular, the possibilities of miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction are discussed in this review.
Following its initial identification on December 31, 2019, COVID-19 quickly spread around the world as a pandemic claiming more than six million lives. An early diagnosis with appropriate ...intervention can help prevent deaths and serious illness as the distinguishing symptoms that set COVID-19 apart from pneumonia and influenza frequently don't show up until after the patient has already suffered significant damage. A chest X-ray (CXR), one of many imaging modalities that are useful for detection and one of the most used, offers a non-invasive method of detection. The CXR image analysis can also reveal additional disorders, such as pneumonia, which show up as anomalies in the lungs. Thus these CXRs can be used for automated grading aiding the doctors in making a better diagnosis. In order to classify a CXR image into the Negative for Pneumonia, Typical, Indeterminate, and Atypical, we used the publicly available CXR image competition dataset SIIM-FISABIO-RSNA COVID-19 from Kaggle. The suggested architecture employed an ensemble of EfficientNetv2-L for classification, which was trained via transfer learning from the initialised weights of ImageNet21K on various subsets of data (Code for the proposed methodology is available at: https://github.com/asadkhan1221/siim-covid19.git). To identify and localise opacities, an ensemble of YOLO was combined using Weighted Boxes Fusion (WBF). Significant generalisability gains were made possible by the suggested technique's addition of classification auxiliary heads to the CNN backbone. The suggested method improved further by utilising test time augmentation for both classifiers and localizers. The results for Mean Average Precision score show that the proposed deep learning model achieves 0.617 and 0.609 on public and private sets respectively and these are comparable to other techniques for the Kaggle dataset.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ketone bodies are produced in the liver and are utilized in other tissues in the body as an energy source when hypoglycemia occurs in the body. There are three ketone bodies: acetoacetate, beta ...hydroxy butyrate, and acetone. Ketone bodies are usually present in the blood, and their level increases during fasting and starvation. They are also found in the blood of neonates and pregnant women. In diabetic ketoacidosis, high levels of ketone bodies are produced in response to low insulin levels and high levels of counter-regulatory hormones.
The inverse Gaussian regression model (IGRM) is frequently applied in the situations, when the response variable is positively skewed and well fitted to the inverse Gaussian distribution. The maximum ...likelihood estimator (MLE) is generally used to estimate the unknown regression coefficients of the IGRM. The performance of the MLE method is better if the explanatory variables are uncorrelated with each other. But the presence of multicollinearity generally inflates the variance and standard error of the MLE resulting the loss of efficiency of estimates. So, for the estimation of unknown regression coefficients of the IGRM, the MLE is not a trustworthy method. To combat multicollinearity, we propose two parameter estimators (TPE) for the IGRM to improve the efficiency of estimates. Moreover, mean squared error criterion is taken into account to compare the performance of TPE with other biased estimators and MLE using Monte Carlo simulation study and a real example. Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulation study and a real example, we may suggest that the TPE based on Asar and Genç method for the IGRM is better than the other competitive estimators.
Scholars have made contesting claims about the nature and scale of works on religions by Muslim scholars before modern times. The present paper explores various primary and secondary sources, ...especially the classical bibliographical indexes that the scholarly tradition under scrutiny itself produced, and classifies these works into three types: (a) polemics, (b) works that present authentic knowledge about various faith traditions or introduce methodological novelties but carry some degree of apologetic undertone, and (c) descriptive writings on religions which resemble the modern-day academic study of religion. Based on these distinctions and an assessment of the number of works in each type, the paper maintains that a sprouting tradition of descriptive studies of religions existed in the pre-modern Muslim societies, which introduced certain methodical novelties such as comparative method, historiography, and, last but not least, textual criticism, which seems to have heralded the modern biblical studies in some respects. However, this tradition could not mature into a full-fledged discipline at par with many other branches of knowledge that flourished in the heyday of Muslim civilization. These findings imply that the descriptive study of religions other than one’s own is not necessarily a modern Western phenomenon. It can take root in multiple cultural settings.
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