We report a 38‐year‐old Saudi male with Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS). The patient presented with rare and unusual neurological manifestations, including but not limited to ophthalmoplegia and ...myopathic pattern on his electromyography. In addition to hand weakness, there was skin hyperextensibility, joint hyperflexibility, and frontal baldness. Next‐generation sequencing was performed on target exon sequences, using whole exome sequencing and Burrows–Wheeler Aligner for alignment/base calling. Genome Analysis Toolkit and reference genome Homo sapiens (UCSC hg19) were used for sequence processing and analysis. Variant classification was done according to standard international recommendations. A novel homozygous variant, NM_019105.6: c.8488C>T p.(Gln2830*), was detected in the TNXB gene. This variant is not reported in the literature nor dbSNP or gnomAD databases. Additionally, this variant is predicted to create a premature stop codon and produce a truncated protein or nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay. Hence, it is classified as a likely pathogenic variant. The same point variant was found in a heterozygous state in the patient's father and sister. Both presented with milder symptoms associated with Ehlers–Danlos syndromes and heritable connective tissue disorders. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed as a tenascin‐X (TNX) deficient type of EDS known as classical‐like Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. TNX deficient patients may present with clinical and electrophysiological manifestations that are unusual in EDS like frontal baldness, ophthalmoplegia, and myotonia, which mimic myotonic dystrophy type I. Clinicians should be aware of the potential overlap of symptoms among these two diseases to ensure correct diagnosis is made.
Stroke is a physiological disorder involving a prolonged local interruption of cerebral blood flow. It leads to massive neuronal death and causes short-term or long-lasting functional impairment. ...Most stroke victims regain some neural function weeks or months following a stroke, but this recovery can plateau six months or more after the injury. The goal of stroke therapy is the rehabilitation of functional capabilities, especially those affecting the patient's autonomy and quality of life. Recent clinical and animal studies combining acute dextro-amphetamine (d-AMPH) administration with rehabilitative training (RT) have revealed that this treatment has significant remedial effects. The review aims to examine the synergistic therapeutic effects of d-amphetamine coupled with RT, administered during the early or late subacute period, on neuronal activation, anatomic plasticity, and skilled motor function in a middle-aged rodent stroke model. The treatment will also include magnetic field stimulation. This review will help increase understanding of the mechanism of d-amphetamine coupled with RT and magnetic field stimulation and their converging therapeutic effects for stroke recovery.
Summary
Familial thrombocytosis (FT) is a rare hereditary haematological disorder characterised by increased platelet count, usually caused by germ‐line mutations in thrombopoietin (THPO), ...myeloproliferative leukaemia virus oncogene (MPL) or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) genes, and can be associated with increased risk of thrombosis. We aimed to determine the yield of diagnostic tests, assess treatment received and describe the clinical course of MPL‐associated FT. We retrospectively reviewed all paediatric and adult haematology patients diagnosed with MPL‐related FT, who were seen in our clinics from March 2013 to February 2021. Of 64 eligible patients, 26 (41%) were aged <14 years, while the remaining 38 (59%) patients were adults. The median (interquartile range) age at diagnosis was 20 (33·5) years. In all, 26 tribes were represented in this cohort of 64 patients, out of which 31 (48%) patients belonged to two tribes. A total of 60 patients (94%) had thrombocytosis on blood count. Additional genetic tests, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) gene panel, Philadelphia gene breakpoint cluster region‐Abelson (BCR‐ABL) and JAK2, were carried out for 52 patients and only one patient was positive for JAK2 mutation. In all, 21 (33%) patients were prescribed aspirin and seven (11%) were prescribed hydroxyurea. Overall, 63 (98%) patients did not develop any thrombotic or haemorrhagic event. There was no significant association of MPL‐mutated FT with thrombosis or haemorrhage.
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated inflammatory peripheral polyneuropathy characterized by ascending paralysis. Most GBS cases follow gastrointestinal or chest infections. ...Some patients have been reported either following or concomitant with head trauma, neurosurgical procedures, and rarely hemorrhagic stroke. The exact pathogenesis is not entirely understood. However, blood–brain barrier damage may play an essential role in triggering the autoimmune activation that leads to post-stroke GBS. Here, we present two cases of fulminant GBS following hemorrhagic stroke to remind clinicians to be aware of this rare treatable complication if a stroke patient develops unexplainable flaccid paralysis with or without respiratory distress.
Background and purpose
The prevention of disability over the long term is the main treatment goal in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, randomized clinical trials evaluate only short‐term treatment ...effects on disability. This study aimed to define criteria for 6‐month confirmed disability progression events of MS with a high probability of resulting in sustained long‐term disability worsening.
Methods
In total, 14,802 6‐month confirmed disability progression events were identified in 8741 patients from the global MSBase registry. For each 6‐month confirmed progression event (13,321 in the development and 1481 in the validation cohort), a sustained progression score was calculated based on the demographic and clinical characteristics at the time of progression that were predictive of long‐term disability worsening. The score was externally validated in the Cladribine Tablets Treating Multiple Sclerosis Orally (CLARITY) trial.
Results
The score was based on age, sex, MS phenotype, relapse activity, disability score and its change from baseline, number of affected functional system domains and worsening in six of the domains. In the internal validation cohort, a 61% lower chance of improvement was estimated with each unit increase in the score (hazard ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.29–0.52; discriminatory index 0.89). The proportions of progression events sustained at 5 years stratified by the score were 1: 72%; 2: 88%; 3: 94%; 4: 100%. The results of the CLARITY trial were confirmed for reduction of disability progression that was >88% likely to be sustained (events with score ˃1.5).
Conclusions
Clinicodemographic characteristics of 6‐month confirmed disability progression events identify those at high risk of sustained long‐term disability. This knowledge will allow future trials to better assess the effect of therapy on long‐term disability accrual.
Using 13,321 confirmed disability progression events from the MSBase registry, a sustained progression score was developed based on patients' characteristics at the time of progression. The sustained progression score helps identify those confirmed progression events that will be sustained over at least 5 years. This score allows randomized trials to establish the effect of therapy not only on short‐term but also on long‐term disability accrual, as demonstrated in our reanalysis of the Cladribine Tablets Treating Multiple Sclerosis Orally (CLARITY) trial data.
Simultaneous comparisons of multiple disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) over an extended follow-up are lacking. Here we emulate a randomised trial ...simultaneously comparing the effectiveness of six commonly used therapies over 5 years.
Data from 74 centres in 35 countries were sourced from MSBase. For each patient, the first eligible intervention was analysed, censoring at change/discontinuation of treatment. The compared interventions included natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, interferon beta, glatiramer acetate and no treatment. Marginal structural Cox models (MSMs) were used to estimate the average treatment effects (ATEs) and the average treatment effects among the treated (ATT), rebalancing the compared groups at 6-monthly intervals on age, sex, birth-year, pregnancy status, treatment, relapses, disease duration, disability and disease course. The outcomes analysed were incidence of relapses, 12-month confirmed disability worsening and improvement.
23 236 eligible patients were diagnosed with RRMS or clinically isolated syndrome. Compared with glatiramer acetate (reference), several therapies showed a superior ATE in reducing relapses: natalizumab (HR=0.44, 95% CI=0.40 to 0.50), fingolimod (HR=0.60, 95% CI=0.54 to 0.66) and dimethyl fumarate (HR=0.78, 95% CI=0.66 to 0.92). Further, natalizumab (HR=0.43, 95% CI=0.32 to 0.56) showed a superior ATE in reducing disability worsening and in disability improvement (HR=1.32, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.60). The pairwise ATT comparisons also showed superior effects of natalizumab followed by fingolimod on relapses and disability.
The effectiveness of natalizumab and fingolimod in active RRMS is superior to dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, glatiramer acetate and interferon beta. This study demonstrates the utility of MSM in emulating trials to compare clinical effectiveness among multiple interventions simultaneously.
Abstract
Background
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy characterized by rapidly evolving weakness and areflexia, reaching nadir within 4 weeks. Data on the ...characteristic of GBS in Saudi Arabia are limited. This study aimed to describe the clinical, electrophysiological, and laboratory characteristics and outcome of a multicenter cohort of patients with GBS.
Methods
This is a retrospective multicenter nationwide study. Patients who had GBS, identified through Brighton Criteria, between January 2015 and December 2019 were included. Data collected included demographics, clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid profile, reported electrophysiological patterns, treatment, and outcome. Reported GBS subtypes were compared using chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Mann–Whitney U tests, as appropriate.
Results
A total of 156 patients with GBS were included (men, 61.5%), with a median age of 38 (interquartile range, 26.25–53.5) years. The most commonly reported antecedent illnesses were upper respiratory tract infection (39.1%) and diarrhea (27.8%). All but two patients (98.7%) had weakness, 64.1% had sensory symptoms, 43.1% had facial diplegia, 33.8% had oropharyngeal weakness, 12.4% had ophthalmoplegia, and 26.3% needed mechanical ventilation. Cytoalbuminological dissociation was observed in 69.1% of the patients. GBS-specific therapy was administered in 96.8% of the patients, of whom 88.1% had intravenous immunoglobulin, and 11.9% had plasmapheresis. Approximately half of the patients were able to walk independently within 9 months after discharge, and a third regained the ability to walk independently thereafter. Death of one patient was caused by septicemia. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy was the most commonly reported GBS subtype (37.7%), followed by acute motor axonal neuropathy (29.5%), and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (19.2%).
Conclusion
The clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcome of GBS in the Arab population of Saudi Arabia are similar to the international cohorts. The overall prognosis is favorable.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Air pollution is recognized as a significant public health problem and is associated with illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as neuroinflammation and neuropathology. Air pollution ...may cause chronic brain inflammation, white matter abnormalities, and microglia activation, which increases the risk of autism spectrum disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A literature review was done on "PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science" on the relationship of air pollution with MS and stroke, using the keywords "air pollution" OR "pollution"; "ambient air pollution," "particulate matter, ozone, black carbon" AND "stroke" OR "cerebrovascular diseases," "multiple sclerosis," "neuroinflammation," or "neurodegeneration." Results: We first identified 128 articles and their related websites, of which 44 articles were further selected for analysis mainly based on study relevance, study quality and reliability, and date of publication. Further studies on air pollution and its adverse effects on the CNS are needed. The findings of such studies will support the development of appropriate preventive measures in the future.
Colchicine-induced myopathy has been described in patients with chronic renal failure and patients who are using a concomitant drug like a statin. However, pure myopathy caused by colchicine has ...never been reported in Saudi Arabia. A 64-year-old patient received colchicine for his gout arthritis disease and developed upper and lower limb weakness. He had a proximal weakness, and his muscle enzymes were very high. Furthermore, the needle electromyography (EMG) examination showed abundant fibrillations, myotonic discharges, and myopathic motor units. Two weeks after colchicine cessation, his weakness improved dramatically with normalization of creatine kinase (CK) and disappearance of myotonic discharges in the repeated EMG. This is the first case in Saudi Arabia that showed colchicine-induced myositis. The local clinicians' community needs to be aware of this rare side effect, as clinical suspicion is the most important diagnostic clue and the only effective treatment is the termination of colchicine.
ABSTRACTHereditary axonal motor and sensory neuropathy or Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2 (CMT2) is a common inherited peripheral neuropathy. Major symptomatologic signs vary from minimal to significant ...weakness and loss of sensation, feet usually affected more than hands. It may also cause visual acuity impairment, hearing loss, and skeletal deformity. CMT2 classification is based on the clinical, electrophysiological, and genetic inheritance pattern. Dominant CMT2 is classified from CMT2A to CMT2N and recessive CMT2 into CMT2B1 and CMT2B2. CMT2A is the most frequent subtype of CMT2 and caused by mutations in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene. We hereby report a Saudi Arabian CMT2A patient with a variant c.58C>T of the MFN2 gene mutation.
PDF
