El pensamiento cristiano, para el cual la gracia perfecciona la naturaleza y no la destruye, no impide la fundamentación laica-racional, es decir, sin presupuestos teológicos de la libertad. En este ...sentido, queremos retomar la lección de Tomás de Aquino sobre el acto libre que puede constituir un aporte para este propósito. En el presente trabajo se expondrán las inferencias laicas que se pueden extraer de la génesis y desarrollo de la naturaleza jurídica y económica del acto libre, así como las presenta Tomás. El desarrollo del estudio no repite, sino que prolonga la filosofía de Tomás y, aunque no usa el lenguaje habitual de los estudios tomistas, se mantiene fiel a su lógica y pensamiento.
In a world marked by shifting climate patterns, a growing human population, and rising demand for ruminant-derived protein, producers face the need to implement strategies that enhance productivity, ...reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), promote adaptability, and improve the sustainability of milk and meat production while optimizing resource use. One promising strategy to address these challenges is the adoption of silvopastoral production systems, which combine livestock with trees and shrubs. These systems are widely used in Latin America due to their proven benefits in terms of production, reduced emission intensity, land utilization efficiency, and other ecosystem services. Transferring technology from one region to another necessitates adapting these techniques to suit the receiving environment. This review suggests that the successful silvopastoral systems employed in the Latin America context can be effectively introduced in Nigeria, offering potential advantages for livestock owners. The research encompassed in this review demonstrates that the utilization of silvopastoral systems in ruminant farming can contribute to achieving several sustainable development goals, including enhancing food security, increasing milk and meat yields, supporting conservation efforts, bolstering biodiversity, and reducing GHG emissions. At the level of individual farms, the adoption of silvopastoral systems (SPS) can enhance the stability and resilience of farmers' livelihoods, boost milk production, facilitate animal growth, and improve animal welfare.
Cattle farming is responsible for about 15% of Colombia's greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). In the department of Cundinamarca, specialized dairy farms located in the high tropics contribute 14% of the ...national milk production, and 94% of them are small-scale producers. Therefore, mitigation strategies for dairy farms are needed to achieve national GHGE reduction targets. This study aims to quantify the carbon footprint (CF), through a Life cycle Assessment Methodology, of 82 specialized dairy farms at the farm gate in 3 regions of Cundinamarca: Central Savannah, West Savannah and Ubate Valley; and to identify the contribution of
Acacia decurrens
,
Baccharis latifolia
, and
Sambucus peruviana
to milk production increases and GHGE mitigation potential. The comparison of the effect of the tree species on the measured variables was carried out by analysis of variance under a completely random design. GHGE were calculated using the 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC guidelines and impact factors from databases. The emission factor for enteric methane from cows was estimated by considering the equation proposed by Niu et al. (Glob Chang Biol 24:3368–3389,
2018
). The functional units corresponded to one kg fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) and one kg live weight gain in a cradle-to-farm-gate approach. For the 3 regions, enteric fermentation and manure left on pasture were the main on-farm sources of GHGE, and feed manufacturing was the main off-farm source. Milk CFs ranged from 1.5 to 2.2 kg CO
2
-eq kg FPCM
−1
. The inclusion
Acacia decurrens
,
Baccharis latifolia
, and
Sambucus peruviana
in cattle diets reduced the milk CF by 13–26% and increased milk yield by 19–37% in the three regions. Therefore, the inclusion of locally available forages in dairy cattle diets is a potential sustainable GHGE mitigation option that dairy farmers, from the Colombian high tropics, can adopt.
En este estudio analizamos tecnologías digitales que pudieran beneficiar el ejercicio profesional de los mediadores familiares de Chile. Sostenemos la hipótesis de que existen tecnologías digitales ...que podrían contribuir a resguardar principios de la mediación, favorecer la comunicación, gestionar las emociones y la búsqueda de acuerdos, en armonía con las leyes 19.968 y 19.628 de Chile. Nuestros resultados muestran doce tecnologías digitales compatibles con nuestra hipótesis. Concluimos que estas tecnologías contribuyen al ejercicio profesional de los mediadores, siempre que no afecten su desempeño global y no transgredan derechos fundamentales o la teoría de la mediación.
This paper presents a characterization of the wireless transmission of biomechanical signals in an embedded system, where a TCP protocol is used in an IEEE 802.11 communications network (Wi-Fi). The ...embedded system under study, called Imocap, allows the collection, analysis and transmission of biomechanical signals in real-time for various applications, among which the analysis of the movement of the lower and upper extremities and the operation of various control systems stand out. To accomplish this, Imocap is equipped with a Wi-Fi transceiver module (ESP8266) and various input and output peripherals. The wireless communication performance of Imocap, exposed in this paper, was analyzed through different tests in miscellaneous conditions like indoors, outdoors and in the presence of interference, noise and other wireless networks. The different test protocols conducted result in the Imocap system: 1) has a maximum effective range of 45.6 m when in Access Point mode; 2) has a maximum effective range of 44.3 m when in Station mode. In indoors and under the same conditions, the Imocap system: 3) has a maximum effective range of 81.25 m2, either Access Point or Station mode. The results showed that the transmission of biomechanical information through Wi-Fi using the TCP protocol is efficient and robust, both indoors and outdoors, even in environments of radio frequency interference. The use of this protocol is emphasized since its use allows the transmission of packages to be carried out in a controlled manner, allowing the error handling and recovery. In this way, it is possible to carry out efficient and robust wireless communication through embedded and portable devices, focusing mainly on areas such as medicine, telemedicine and telerehabilitation.
El Quisco is a district and popular seaside resort on the coast of Chile that has suffered the effects of the growing demand for second homes and tourism activities. The district has the fourth ...highest influx of a floating population in the region, which has had numerous impacts on the district at several levels. The objective of this article is to examine the issue of carrying capacity in Chile and its public management at the local level. To this end, this research developed an exploratory and instrumental case study. Carrying capacity problems were first identified in the existing literature. This information was subsequently complemented with more local information by means of: analysis of territorial planning instruments (TPIs) relating to the district; participative workshops with municipal government stakeholders; and, lastly, confirmation of the problems identified through correlation analysis of available historical data. The main result of this research was the determination of carrying capacity issues in El Quisco. This broadly coincides with indications from the existing literature and TPIs, while factors identified by local stakeholders are territory-specific, giving rise to new measurement variables. It was possible, in turn, to rule out certain carrying capacity issues perceived by the community.
El artículo describe, a partir de una metodología deductiva, una revisión del principio-derecho de la libre competencia económica con un enfoque de derecho constitucional. Para abordar su estudio se ...analiza el mercado, como institución en la que se enlazan derechos y garantías de contenido económico. Para tal efecto, se abordan las diferencias entre competencia económica, libre competencia y concurrencia. Posteriormente, se presenta un estudio de la importancia que el ejercicio de las dos primeras supone para el impulso del libre desarrollo de la personalidad, como elemento esencial para el perfeccionamiento y realización del plan de vida de los individuos. Finaliza el artículo con un análisis de las características que el mercado -como institución- ostenta para el desarrollo de los derechos de contenido económico.
Digestibility and intake are parameters difficult and expensive to estimate under grazing conditions; therefore, the aim of this study was to develop near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) ...calibrations applied to feces (F-NIRS) and evaluate their accuracy to predict dry matter digestibility (DMD) and dry matter intake (DMI) of Colombian creole cattle. Five digestibility trials using creole steers were conducted; indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) was used as internal marker and Cr
2
O
3
and TiO
2
as external markers. A total of 249 forage and 396 fecal samples from individual animals were collected, dried, and grinded for conventional chemical analysis. For spectral analysis, fecal samples were pooled across collection periods (77 samples). Chemometric analysis was performed using WinISI V4.10 software applying the modified partial least squares method. Cross-validation was performed to avoid overfitting the models. The goodness-of-fit statistics considered were the coefficient of determination in cross-validation and prediction sets (R
2
cv and
r
2
, respectively) and the ratio performance deviation (RPD). Fecal NIRS calibrations developed for forage and supplement DMD showed a satisfactory fit (R
2
cv =0.87 and RPD=2.77 and R
2
cv=0.92 and RPD=3.50, respectively). The accuracy of fecal output equations using chromium (Cr) and titanium (Ti) was similar in terms of R
2
cv (0.92) and RPD (3.63 vs. 3.57). Total DMI equations using Ti performed better compared to Cr (R
2
cv = 0.82 vs. 0.78; RPD=2.41 vs. 2.17, respectively). The F-NIRS models were validated using a completely independent set of fecal samples showing a moderate fit (
r
2
>0.8 and RPD>2.0). This study showed that F-NIRS is a feasible tool to predict DMD and DMI of creole steers under grazing conditions. However, previous to socialization, this requires an improvement in accuracy of the calibrated equations related to grazing animals in different production contexts.
Introduction. Specialized dairy systems are forage based, which makes necessary to generate recommendations that promote the efficient and sustainable use of this resource. Objective. The objective ...of this work was to evaluate increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization on forage yield and compositional quality of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and red clovers (Trifolium repens). Materials and methods. In September 2016, two perennial ryegrasses plots and two red clovers were established in two Colombian departments (Boyacá and Cundinamarca), in 4 m2. The first one received 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha-1; and 0, 25 or 50 kg P2O5 ha-1; and the second one received 0, 12.5, 25 or 37.5 P2O5 ha-1. After the establishment period (120 days) and a uniform cut, forages were harvested at 21, 35 and 49 regrowth days, during two evaluation periods (April-May and June-July 2017). The variables were evaluated through a split-plot design with repeated measures. Results. Nitrogen fertilization increased (p<0.05) dry matter yield, chlorophyll and crude protein concentration; and decreased neutral detergent fiber. Phosphatic fertilization did not modify (p>0.05) ryegrass and clover yield and composition. Furthermore, the extension in the age of regrowth increased (p<0.05) the concentration of components less soluble in clovers and ryegrass, which are related to the lower nutritional value. Conclusion. The application of increasing levels of nitrogen, but not phosphorus, elevated the production and quality of ryegrasses. Phosphorus application did not modify clovers yield nor composition.
Introducción. Los sistemas de lechería especializada están basados en el uso de forrajes, lo que hace necesaria la generación de recomendaciones que promuevan el uso eficiente y sostenible de este recurso. Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de niveles crecientes de fertilización nitrogenada y fosfatada sobre la producción de forraje y la calidad composicional de raigrases (Lolium perenne) y tréboles rojos (Trifolium repens). Materiales y métodos. En septiembre de 2016 se establecieron, en dos departamentos colombianos (Bocayá y Cundinamarca), dos raigrases perennes y dos tréboles rojos en parcelas de 4 m2, los primeros recibieron 0, 50, 100 o 150 kg N ha-1 y 0, 25 o 50 kg P2O5 ha-1, y los segundos 0, 12,5, 25 o 37,5 kg P2O5 ha-1. Posterior al periodo de establecimiento (120 días) y de un corte de uniformización, los forrajes se cosecharon a los 21, 35 y 49 días de rebrote, durante dos periodos de evaluación (abril-mayo y junio-julio de 2017). Las variables se evaluaron a través de un modelo de parcelas divididas con medidas repetidas. Resultados. La fertilización nitrogenada aumentó (p<0,05) la producción de materia seca, la clorofila y la concentración de proteína cruda, y disminuyó la fibra en detergente neutro. La fertilización fosfatada no modificó (p>0,05) la producción y la composición de los raigrases y tréboles. Además, con el incremento en la edad de rebrote aumentó (p<0,05) la concentración de los componentes menos solubles en tréboles y raigrases, que se relacionan con el menor valor nutricional de estos forrajes. Conclusión. La aplicación de niveles crecientes de nitrógeno, pero no de fósforo, aumentó la producción y calidad de los raigrases. La aplicación de fósforo no modificó la producción y composición de los tréboles.
The use of videogames and motion capture systems in rehabilitation contributes to the recovery of the patient. This systematic review aimed to explore the works related to these technologies. The ...PRISMA method (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) was used to search the databases Scopus, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science, taking into consideration four aspects: physical rehabilitation, the use of videogames, motion capture technologies, and upper limb rehabilitation. The literature selection was limited to open access works published between 2015 and 2020, obtaining 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The works reported the use of inertial measurement units (37%), a Kinect sensor (48%), and other technologies (15%). It was identified that 26% used commercial products, while 74% were developed independently. Another finding was that 47% of the works focus on post-stroke motor recovery. Finally, diverse studies sought to support physical rehabilitation using motion capture systems incorporating inertial units, which offer precision and accessibility at a low cost. There is a clear need to continue generating proposals that confront the challenges of rehabilitation with technologies which offer precision and healthcare coverage, and which, additionally, integrate elements that foster the patient's motivation and participation.
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