Los asentamientos humanos rurales forman parte del patrimonio cultural y paisajístico de Europa, y su valoración objetiva es fundamental para establecer programas de recuperación y desarrollo, ...constituyendo el objetivo fundamental de este trabajo. Para ello, se estableció una metodología cuantitativa basada en el análisis, mediante ecuaciones ponderadas, de dos áreas o coronas, una interior y otra exterior, de los núcleos poblacionales, que permitía obtener un valor numérico global denominado “valor cultural y paisajístico”. Esta metodología fue aplicada a una selección de 9 asentamientos humanos rurales de la comarca murciana del Altiplano. Los asentamientos que mostraron valores más altos albergaban elementos con mayor valoración arquitectónica y natural, destacando Fuente del Pino, por su huerta tradicional y la presencia de elementos arquitectónicos significativos, y Santa Ana del Monte, por estar situado en un enclave natural protegido y contar con un antiguo convento. Por el contrario, Casas de Pinillos, situado en una zona esteparia con intensa transformación agrícola, fue el asentamiento que presentó un valor más bajo. Por tanto, el abordaje objetivo, mediante ecuaciones, de la valoración cultural y paisajística de los conjuntos poblacionales rurales permite una aproximación sencilla, pero a la vez muy robusta, sobre su potencialidad de desarrollo, que está abierta a posibles modificaciones y mejoras en función del grado de profundización requerido.
El Camino del Lignum Crucis (Camino), como parte de la red de caminos que conducen a la Ciudad Santa de Caravaca de la Cruz, discurre por el municipio de Ulea, con un rico patrimonio cultural y ...natural. Conocer este patrimonio como recurso turístico y su contribución a la valorización del Camino constituye el objeto de este trabajo. Se realizaron consultas bibliográficas y geolocalizaciones en campo y se elaboró cartografía. El río, los yesos de Ulea, la sierra de La Navela, los yacimientos arqueológicos, la iglesia y la veneración de la cruz, constituyen un destacado recurso de valorización del Camino y atractor turístico.
Abstract The edible part of citrus fruit is composed of juice vesicles/sacs which develop from the endocarp, the two to three inner cell layers of the white spongy peel termed albedo. Juice sac ...primordia usually appear 1 week after anthesis. Hormones, especially auxin and gibberellin, play a role in pericarp development during the ovary-to-fruit transition, but their effect on juice vesicle induction has not been studied. Here, hormone profiling in the pericarp and changes in the expression of their corresponding genes in the endocarp and pericarp were compared between two citrus cultivars: Calabria citron, in which juice sacs develop normally, and Yemenite citron, in which juice sac formation does not initiate. Most of the identified hormones, abscisic acid, gibberellin A4, indole-3-acetic acid, isopentenyladenine, jasmonic acid and zeatin riboside, were at higher levels in Yemenite than in Calabria. Overall, changes in abscisic acid levels in the pericarp were very well correlated with changes in the expression of abscisic acid-related genes in the endocarp. However, the application of various hormones, including abscisic acid, to Calabria flowers failed to arrest juice sac initiation. The possible involvement of abscisic acid and other hormones in the process of juice vesicle initiation and pericarp growth is discussed.
Lavandula latifolia Medik. is an aromatic-medicinal plant, native to the Mediterranean region, for which economic interest is mainly focused on the production of essential oil. In the Mediterranean ...area, the negative effects of climate change, with increasingly frequent extreme heatwaves and drought episodes, have led to the need to select plants with greater tolerance of such scenarios for the future development of this rainfed crop. In the current study, young plants of spike lavender were subjected to a first episode of water deprivation. Subsequently, clones from the surviving ecotypes (SL1 to SL8) were assigned randomly to two homogeneous groups. One group was irrigated to field capacity (as a control) and the other was subjected to water stress for two months. In the leaves of control and stressed plants, physiological parameters including relative water content (%RWC), hydric potential (ΨWP), proline, and abscisic acid were measured. The plant antioxidant defense system was also explored, through analysis of non-enzymatic antioxidants (α-tocopherol, plastochromanol-8), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids). The polyphenolic profile was determined and its corresponding antioxidant activity was analyzed for the first time in the early growth stages of this species. Under the drought treatment, the values of the physiological parameters were similar in all ecotypes and changed as the dehydration advanced. However, the response of the antioxidant defense to drought was variable depending on the ecotype under study. As a general pattern, there was a reduction in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments. Although, no statistical differences were detected in α-tocopherol and PC-8, in most cases, the MDA values increased significantly after the drought episode. In the polyphenolic profile identified, p-coumaric acid glycoside and rosmarinic acid-3–O-glucoside were the major components quantified, salvianic acid and O-coumaric acid being described for the first time in this species. Regarding the response of these chemical components to water stress, the concentrations of most polyphenols decreased, with the exception of rosmarinic acid, whose concentration after the stress was higher in three of the eight ecotypes under study. This increment was reflected in a higher in vitro antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest that L. latifolia was affected by drought, even though it showed some strategies to counteract the negative effects of dehydration. The intraspecific variation in the response to dehydration can be considered a useful tool for the preselection of ecotypes with greater resistance to this stress.
•The response of immature Lavandula latifolia plants to drought has been studied.•Physiological parameters and the antioxidant response were ecotype-specific.•Polyphenolic profile could be used as an indicator of water deficit tolerance.•Ecotypes with an effective drought-tolerant system were identified.
Los asentamientos humanos rurales forman parte del patrimonio cultural y paisajístico de Europa, y su valoración objetiva es fundamental para establecer programas de recuperación y desarrollo, ...constituyendo el objetivo fundamental de este trabajo. Para ello, se estableció una metodología cuantitativa basada en el análisis, mediante ecuaciones ponderadas, de dos áreas o coronas, una interior y otra exterior, de los núcleos poblacionales, que permitía obtener un valor numérico global denominado “valor cultural y paisajístico”. Esta metodología fue aplicada a una selección de 9 asentamientos humanos rurales de la comarca murciana del Altiplano. Los asentamientos que mostraron valores más altos albergaban elementos con mayor valoración arquitectónica y natural, destacando Fuente del Pino, por su huerta tradicional y la presencia de elementos arquitectónicos significativos, y Santa Ana del Monte, por estar situado en un enclave natural protegido y contar con un antiguo convento. Por el contrario, Casas de Pinillos, situado en una zona esteparia con intensa transformación agrícola, fue el asentamiento que presentó un valor más bajo. Por tanto, el abordaje objetivo, mediante ecuaciones, de la valoración cultural y paisajística de los conjuntos poblacionales rurales permite una aproximación sencilla, pero a la vez muy robusta, sobre su potencialidad de desarrollo, que está abierta a posibles modificaciones y mejoras en función del grado de profundización requerido.
Selection and breeding of rootstocks that can tolerate low K supply may increase crop productivity in low fertility soils and reduce fertilizer application. However, the underlying physiological ...traits are still largely unknown. In this study, 16 contrasting recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between domestic and wild tomato species (
×
) have been used to analyse traits related to the rootstock-mediated induction of low (
) or high (
) vigor to a commercial F1 hybrid grown under control (6 mM,
) and low-K (1 mM,
). Based on hormonal and ionomic composition in the root xylem sap and the leaf nutritional status after long-term (7 weeks) exposure low-K supply, a model can be proposed to explain the rootstocks effects on shoot performance with the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) playing a pivotal negative role. The concentration of this hormone was higher in the low-vigor
and
rootstocks under both conditions, increased in the sensitive
plants under low-K while it was reduced in the high-vigor
ones. Low ACC levels would promote the transport of K
. Na in the vigorous
grafted plants. Along with K, Ca, and S, micronutrient uptake and transport were also activated in the tolerant
combinations under low-K. Additionally, an interconversion of
-zeatin into
-zeatin riboside would contribute to decrease ACC in the tolerant
plants. The high vigor induced by the
plants can also be explained by an interaction of ACC with other hormones (cytokinins and salicylic, abscisic and jasmonic acids). Therefore,
rootstocks convert an elite tomato F1 cultivar into a (micro) nutrient-efficient phenotype, improving growth under reduced K fertilization.
Several
species are among the most important cultivated stone fruits in the Mediterranean region, and there is an urgent need to obtain rootstocks with specific adaptations to challenging ...environmental conditions. The development of adventitious roots (ARs) is an evolutionary mechanism of high relevance for stress tolerance, which has led to the development of environmentally resilient plants. As a first step towards understanding the genetic determinants involved in AR formation in
sp., we evaluated the rooting of hardwood cuttings from five
rootstocks (Adafuel, Adarcias, Cadaman, Garnem, and GF 677) grown in hydroponics. We found that auxin-induced callus and rooting responses were strongly genotype-dependent. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in these differential responses, we performed a time-series study of AR formation in two rootstocks with contrasting rooting performance, Garnem and GF 677, by culturing in vitro microcuttings with and without auxin treatment (0.9 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid IBA). Despite showing a similar histological structure, Garnem and GF677 rootstocks displayed dynamic changes in endogenous hormone homeostasis involving metabolites such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conjugated to aspartic acid (IAA-Asp), and these changes could explain the differences observed during rooting.
Salinity is a serious issue for crops, as it causes remarkable yield losses. The accumulation of Na+ affects plant physiology and produces nutrient imbalances. Plants trigger signaling cascades in ...response to stresses in which phytohormones and Ca2+ are key components. Cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs) transporters are involved in Ca2+ fluxes in cells. Thus, enhanced CAX activity could improve tolerance to salinity stress. Using the TILLING (targeting induced local lesions in genomes) technique, three Brassica rapa mutants were generated through a single amino acidic modification in the CAX1a transporter. We hypothesized that BraA.cax1a mutations could modify the hormonal balance, leading to improved salinity tolerance. To test this hypothesis, the mutants and the parental line R-o-18 were grown under saline conditions (150 mM NaCl), and leaf and root biomass, ion concentrations, and phytohormone profile were analyzed. Under saline conditions, BraA.cax1a-4 mutant plants increased growth compared to the parental line, which was associated with reduced Na+ accumulation. Further, it increased K+ concentration and changed the hormonal balance. Specifically, our results show that higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) concentrations in mutant plants could promote growth under saline conditions, while abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and jasmonic acid (JA) led to better signaling stress responses and water use efficiency. Therefore, CAX1 mutations directly influence the hormonal balance of the plant controlling growth and ion homeostasis under salinity. Thus, Ca2+ signaling manipulation can be used as a strategy to improve salinity tolerance in breeding programs.
PDF
