It has been reported that norepinephrine (NE) plays an important role in recovery after brain damage. However, the role of the pons, the site where the norepinephrinergic locus coeruleus (LC) is ...located, has not been elucidated. In order to study the changes in the pontine NE content in either noninjured, injured or recovered rats, we used 35 animals trained to walk across to a walkway where their footprints were recorded. Subsequently, 17 trained rats were sham-operated while 18 were injured by means of an ablation of the right motor cortex representative of the hindlimb. From the injured rats, 6 were sacrificed 6 hr before surgery in order to obtain the pons, while all the remaining rats were recorded in the walkway 6, 24 and 48 hr post-surgery. Then, rats were sacrificed by decapitation, the pons was removed and each hemisphere was prepared for the chromatographic analysis of NE. Results showed that after cortical brain damage, the length of the stride decreased while the angle of the stride increased 6 hr post-surgery. Recovery was observed after 24 hr. NE increased in the pons after 6 hr and returned to normal levels when rats had recovered. This suggests that cortical damage elicits NE changes in the LC that could reorganize the system to lead the recovery process. Such findings must be taken in account when pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or antipsychotics that act on norepinephrine-containing neuronal systems are prescribed in patients after stroke.
The objectives of this study were to determine whether sexually inexperienced photostimulated and nonphotostimulated males had increased plasma testosterone levels and sexual behaviors during their ...first contact with nulliparous (N) and multiparous (M) females and whether these males could induce sexual responses in females outside of breeding season. Six photostimulated (PH) males were artificially subjected to long days (16 h/light/day/2.5 months), and six nonphotostimulated (NO) males were exposed to the natural photoperiod. Three PH males were exposed to N females (n = 30), and three PH males were exposed to M females (n = 30). Three NO males were exposed to N females (n = 30), and three were exposed to M females (n = 30). In spring (March-April), the males and females remained together for 15 days. The PH males had increased plasma testosterone levels compared to baseline levels during first contact with the N (10.8 ± 2.6 ng/mL) and M females (9.3 ± 1.9 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). Similarly, the NO males had increased plasma testosterone levels during their first contact with N (11.4 ± 1.1 ng/mL) and M females (11.0 ± 0.6 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). Nudging, anogenital sniffing, and mounting attempts varied between the PH and NO males (P < 0.001), whereas mounting with intromission did not differ (P > 0.05). Estrous behavior and ovulation did not differ between N and M females in contact with PH males or between M females in contact with NO males (P > 0.05), whereas the N females in contact with NO males had the lowest response (P < 0.05). We conclude that sexually inexperienced photostimulated and nonphotostimulated males exhibit increased plasma testosterone levels; exhibit sexual behaviors during their first contact with nulliparous and multiparous females; and can stimulate sexual activity in females outside of breeding season.
To evaluate the accuracy of dynamic navigation-guided surgery (DNGS) for implant positioning performed by a novice operator. Secondary objectives were to analyze the operator's learning curve and to ...identify possible complications deriving from the technique.
Twenty-five implants were placed in eight partially edentulous human heads. Preoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were imported to planning software to determine the implant positions. Implants were placed using a dynamic navigation system. Postoperative CBCTs were superimposed onto the implant planning images. Discrepancies between virtual planned implant positions and post-surgical positions were evaluated by measuring horizontal platform deviation, apex deviation, apico-coronal (vertical) deviation, and angular deviation.
Mean platform, apex, vertical and angle deviations were 1.55 ± 0.81 mm, 2.45 ± 0.84 mm, 1.59 ± 0.70 mm, and 5.56 ± 4.03°, respectively. No significant differences were found between maxilla and mandible or between anterior and posterior sites. A flat learning curve was observed with the exception of the implant platform that a tendency toward improvement in accuracy was observed between the eighth implant placed and the seventeenth. No complications were reported.
Based on the results of a study performed by a novice operator on a cadaveric model, The DNGS allows accurate implant placement within a 2 mm safety margin in terms of implant platform and vertical positions, and a 3 mm margin in apical vicinities. The technique requires practice to learn the required hand-eye coordination.
Consumption of vegetables is associated with lower risks of cancer, diabetes, coronary diseases and obesity, but parts of vegetables such as the peels, stems and leaves are not valued, which ...increases waste and impacts the environment. The aim of the present study was to determine the antioxidant capacity of the leaves and stems of celery, broccoli and beet discarded from the patios of the Lo Valledor Wholesale Market, the main fruit and vegetable distribution center in Santiago, Chile. The leaves and stems were separated to analyze total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity (ORAC). The total polyphenol contents in celery, broccoli and beet leaves were 155.5, 144.7 and 117.1 mg EAG 100 g-1 mta, respectively, while in the stems, they were between 22.7, 41.4 and 69.3 mg EAG 100 g-1 mta, respectively. Similarly, the leaves showed higher antioxidant capacity than the stems. The ORAC for celery, broccoli and beet stems was 2,325.2, 2,098.1 and 1,756.5 μmol TE 100 g-1 mta, respectively, while for stems, it was 317.8, 625.1 and 970.2 μmol TE 100 g-1 mta, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the leaves and stems of celery, beets and broccoli suggest that they are healthy eating options and that their valorization should be considered.
El consumo de hortalizas se asocia a un menor
riesgo de cáncer, diabetes, enfermedades coronarias y obesidad, pero partes de las hortalizas
como cáscaras, tallos y hojas no son valorizadas, aumentando los desperdicios e impactando al
medio ambiente. El objetivo fue determinar la capacidad antioxidante de hojas y tallos de apio,
brócoli y betarraga desechados desde los patios del Mercado Mayorista Lo Valledor, el principal
centro de distribución de frutas y verduras de Santiago, Chile. Las hojas y tallos de estas
verduras fueron luego separadas para analizar polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante
(ORAC). Los resultados obtenidos para polifenoles totales en hojas de apio, brócoli y betarraga
fue 155,5, 144,7 y 117,1 mg EAG 100 g-1 mta, mientras que en tallos fue de entre 22,7, 41,4
y 69,3 mg EAG 100 g-1 mta, respectivamente. En esta misma línea, las hojas evidenciaron
una mayor capacidad antioxidante que los tallos. El ORAC para las hojas de apio, brócoli y
betarraga fue de 2.325,2, 2.098,1 y 1.756,5 μmol ET 100 g-1 mta, mientras que para tallos fue
de 317,8, 625,1 y 970,2 μmol ET 100 g-1 mta, respectivamente. De acuerdo con la capacidad
antioxidante de las hojas y tallos de apio, betarraga y brócoli, son una opción de alimentación
saludable y su valorización debe ser considerada.
Presente mayoritariamente en el sexo masculino y con diagnóstico durante la quinta década de vida, el hepatocarcinoma constituye la malignidad hepática más frecuente y de mayor mortalidad. Su ...desarrollo se relaciona con la presencia de infecciones por virus de Hepatitis B y C, el consumo de alcohol y la prevalencia de enfermedades metabólicas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo describir la incidencia de la patología, la seroprevalencia de Hepatitis, el compromiso hepático al diagnóstico y la supervivencia global en los principales hospitales de la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica, a partir de registros médicos. Se identificó un total de 518 pacientes con diagnóstico de hepatocarcinoma, una frecuencia de 52 diagnósticos nuevos por año y una incidencia de 1,21 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes. Los diagnósticos se realizaron, principalmente, mediante biopsia y presentaron una edad media de 64,2 años. La patología presentó una distribución predominante en el sexo masculino y una prevalencia de Hepatitis B y C de 15,4% y 5,3%, sin asociación según sexo. El 55,9% de los casos presentaron un Child-Pugh clase A al diagnóstico y la supervivencia global a los 5 años fue 19, 5%. La población analizada muestra un comportamiento similar a lo reportado mundialmente. La diferencia en la edad de diagnóstico con respecto a países occidentales podría relacionarse a una identificación más temprana en dichas poblaciones. Asimismo, la baja prevalencia de Hepatitis reportada respondería a la ubicación geográfica en una zona no endémica, así como la presencia de programas de vacunación, específicamente, para Hepatitis B.
Palabras clave: Carcinoma hepatocelular, Anticuerpos Antihepatitis, Análisis de Supervivencia, Seguridad Social, Costa Rica. Fuente:DeCS/MeSH.
Este análisis forma parte de la investigación denominada Alternativa para la Detección Eficaz de Necesidades de Capacitación Continua en Proyectos Ejidales, correspondiente al programa de Doctorado ...en Ciencias en Educación Agrícola Superior, en la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. El objetivo general de esta investigación es detectar las necesidades de capacitación continua en núcleos ejidales y su relación con la situación actual de los proyectos productivos del núcleo agrario. Se presenta un análisis de los datos obtenidos mediante la aplicación de la evaluación de factores internos y externos que impactan en el nivel de productividad de los proyectos del ejido de San Martín Cuautlalpan, integrando en la metodología de obtención de datos, un enfoque de Pedagogía Crítica, con el fin de lograr un análisis contextual democrático y participativo, que otorgue la base para la teorización de los datos a través del método de Teoría Fundamentada. Es una investigación de intervención social, desde una perspectiva dialéctica, siendo de corte cualitativo, transversal, comparativa y constante, en que se aplicó el método propositivo-transformador de la Investigación-Acción Participativa (IAP). Así como, un análisis situacional, trabajando con grupos focales, entrevistas a profundidad y cuestionarios de opinión en capacitaciones piloto. Para la organización y análisis sistémico de los datos obtenidos a través de los cuerpos textuales, videos y fotografías; se trabajó con el software Atlas ti 8.
Abstract We report the rationale, design, methods and details of participation of a community-based, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of an HPV 16 and 18 vaccine conducted in two provinces of ...Costa Rica to investigate the efficacy and population impact of the vaccine in the prevention of cervical cancer precursors. More than 24,000 women between 18 and 25 years of age were invited to participate and pre-screened for eligibility, with recruitment of 7466 women (30% of those pre-screened, 59% of those eligible) who were randomized to receive 3 doses of the HPV vaccine or hepatitis A vaccine as control. A complex protocol of data and specimen collection was applied, including an interview, pelvic exam for sexually active women, blood for serology and cell-mediated immunity, cervical secretions for local immunity and cells for HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis and gonorrhea testing. Eighty percent of the women received three doses, 12.4% two doses and 7.4% one dose. At visits, compliance with data and specimen collection was close to 100%. Baseline characteristics and age-specific prevalence of HPV and cervical neoplasia are reported. Overall prevalence of HPV was high (50%), with 8.3% of women having HPV 16 and 3.2% HPV 18. LSIL was detected in 12.7% of women at baseline and HSIL in 1.9%. Prevalence of Chlamydia was 14.2%. There was very good agreement in HPV detection between clinician-collected and self- collected specimens (89.4% agreement for all types, kappa 0.59). Follow up will continue with yearly or more frequent examinations for at least 4 years for each participant.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship in older adults with and without chronic obstructive ...pulmonary disease (COPD), and to assess its association with physical function. The participants were 26 older adults with COPD (79 ± 7 years old; FEV
= 53 ± 36% of predicted) and 10 physically active non-COPD (77 ± 4 years old) older adults. The F-V relationship was evaluated in the leg press exercise during a purely concentric muscle action and compared with that following an eccentric muscle action at 10% intervals of maximal unloaded shortening velocity (V
). Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness, pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) were assessed by ultrasound. Habitual gait speed was measured over a 4-m distance. COPD subjects exhibited lower physical function and concentric maximal muscle power (P
) values compared with the non-COPD group (both
0.05). The SSC increased force and power values among COPD participants at 0-100 and 1-100% of V
, respectively, while the same was observed among non-COPD participants only at 40-90 and 30-90% of V
, respectively (all
< 0.05). The SSC induced greater improvements in force, but not power, among COPD compared with non-COPD subjects between 50 and 70% of V
(all
< 0.05). Thus, between-group differences in muscle power were not statistically significant after the inclusion of the SSC (
> 0.05). The SSC-induced potentiation at 50-100% of V
was negatively associated with physical function (
= -0.40-0.50), while that observed at 80-100% of V
was negatively associated with VL muscle thickness and PA (
= -0.43-0.52) (all
< 0.05). In conclusion, older adults with COPD showed a higher SSC-induced potentiation compared with non-COPD subjects, which eliminated between-group differences in muscle power when performing SSC muscle actions. The SSC-induced potentiation was associated with lower physical function, VL muscle thickness, and VL PA values. The SSC-induced potentiation may help as a compensatory mechanism in those older subjects with a decreased ability to produce force/power during purely concentric muscle actions.
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the new-generation ground-based observatory for γ astronomy, provides unique capabilities to address significant open questions in astrophysics, cosmology, and ...fundamental physics. We study some of the salient areas of γ cosmology that can be explored as part of the Key Science Projects of CTA, through simulated observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and of their relativistic jets. Observations of AGN with CTA will enable a measurement of γ absorption on the extragalactic background light with a statistical uncertainty below 15% up to a redshift z=2 and to constrain or detect γ halos up to intergalactic-magnetic-field strengths of at least 0.3 pG . Extragalactic observations with CTA also show promising potential to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. The best limits on Lorentz invariance violation from γ astronomy will be improved by a factor of at least two to three. CTA will also probe the parameter space in which axion-like particles could constitute a significant fraction, if not all, of dark matter. We conclude on the synergies between CTA and other upcoming facilities that will foster the growth of γ cosmology.
La ciudad de Zacatecas fue emplazada en torno a un elemento natural del paisaje: el arroyo de La Plata, el cual se convirtió en el eje ordenador y columna vertebral del centro urbano y en el ...componente que sustentó la principal actividad económica de la población: la minería. Con el paso del tiempo, fue contaminado por las distintas actividades económicas y prácticas antihigiénicas de la población, lo que condujo a su canalización y a la consecuente alteración del paisaje urbano.
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