The main goal of this paper is to describe the sectoral structure of poverty in Pakistan by using 'HIES' data for the years 1987-88 and 1990-91. A range of poverty measures and decomposition ...techniques are employed to estimate the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty. The analyses suggest that the highest per capita income and expenditure were registered among the households whose heads were employed in Finance sector while the Construction sector was found on the opposite end in both the reference periods. Sectoral distribution of population showed that Agriculture sector had the largest population share followed by Trade and Community sectors. Mining and quarrying sector had the lowest share in population. The empirical evidence also indicates that poverty increased in all dimensions in almost all sectors during the period under consideration. There were also wide variations in the incidence of poverty among different sectors. Construction, Agriculture and Manufacturing were found to be badly affected sectors. The concentration index also indicated that the proportion of the poor relative to the proportion of the population was greater in these sectors. This study identifies and quantifies the contribution of these different sectors, where the poor are concentrated. It also contributes to enhance the understanding of the nature and extent of poverty in Pakistan. This study will be helpful for effective and well-targeted designing of strategies for poverty alleviation.
This paper provides a framework within which the sectoral structure of absolute poverty can be analysed. Non-food consumption share approach is used to measure incidence of poverty, which can also be ...used as a proxy for family welfare. Headcount index is used to examine the structure of poverty by principal sectors of employment. Location index is also presented to evaluate the concentration of the poor in each sector. The results lead to the conclusions that incidence of poverty has increased at all levels and that it is greater in rural areas than in urban areas. There are wide variations in the incidence of poverty among different sectors and it has increased in almost all the sectors except the finance and trade sectors during the period under consideration. The agriculture and construction sectors are found to be badly affected areas. According to the distribution of the poor criterion, the agriculture sector is at the top, followed by the manufacturing, trade, and community and social services sectors. Finally, location index also indicates that the majority of the poor in Pakistan is in the agriculture sector.
Health profession students work in close proximity to patients and could be a source of nosocomial influenza. We studied the proportion of health profession students presenting for immunization at an ...influenza immunization campaign. This assessment is useful to guide future campaigns as we prepare for pandemic influenza.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
249.
A Sectoral Analysis of Poverty in Pakistan Bhatti, Muhammad Ali; Haq, Rashida; Javed, Tariq
The Pakistan Development Review,
1999, Letnik:
38, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Since independence, the problem of mass poverty in Pakistan has been substantial. The number of the destitute has continued to soar. The problem of poverty now looks to be beyond control. The vast ...masses of the people, particularly in rural areas, are indeed, miserably below the poverty line. Moreover, the socioeconomic and demographic indicators are dismal. Official planning and the market economy system have failed to lessen poverty. The policies formulated to eradicate it have failed to achieve their objectives. The issue of poverty in Pakistan has its significance for sustainable development. Long run development is not possible without protecting the rights of the vulnerable groups and the participation of the entire population in the development process. Although Pakistan’s economic growth has been quite respectable for much of the last four decades but it has failed to trickle down to the masses. The country has experienced poverty and stagnation in 1950s, increasing poverty and growth in the 1960s, stagnation of growth but declining poverty in the 1970s, increasing growth and declining poverty in the 1980s and finally, increasing poverty and falling growth in the 1990s MHCHD/UNDP (1999). The mainstream approach to identifying the poor specifies a cut-off point ‘poverty line’, defining the level of income/expenditure below which people are diagnosed as poor. The conventional measure of poverty, head-count index, has been widely used in Pakistan. However, in practice this absolute threshold usually cannot stand the pressures of changing circumstances and is not as absolute as the term would appear to imply Zaidi and de Vos (1993). To show the true face of poverty this study uses Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (1984) class of additively decomposable measure to estimate the variation in the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty across sectors of employment. This study also determines the relative contribution of the various sectors to aggregate poverty. Location index is also used to measure the concentration of poor in each sector. To evaluate the sources of observed changes in sectoral poverty at the micro level ‘HIES’ data sets are used.
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