Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a bacterium of public health importance. The zoonotic spread of this pathogen through animal-derived foods has been reported. This systematic ...literature review investigates the prevalence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular characteristics of S. aureus in the food chain in Nigeria. Methods A systematic search of online databases (Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) for published articles from January 2002 to January 2022 was performed using the Prisma guideline. Results Fifty articles were included from an initial 511 extracted documents. These papers included research carried out in 22 states across Nigeria. S. aureus detection in most studies was above the satisfactory level for foods (≥ 104 CFU/g). The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 1.3% in raw cow meat to 72.5% in fresh poultry meat. Most S. aureus isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance patterns, especially being resistant to beta-lactams. There is a lack of information on the molecular typing of the S. aureus isolates. The different spa types of S. aureus isolated were t091, t314, t1476, and t4690, categorized into Multi-Locus-Sequence Types ST8, ST121, ST152, and ST789. Virulence genes detected include pvl, sea, see, spa, coa, edin, tsst, and hly. Certain AMR-encoding genes were detected, such as mecA, blaZ, fos, tet, and dfsr.. Factors contributing to the presence of S. aureus were reported as poor processing, poor sanitary conditions of the food processing units, inadequate storage units, and poor handling. Conclusion We showed that S. aureus is a major food contaminant in Nigeria despite the need for more information on the molecular typing of strains from animal-derived food sources. There is a need to control S. aureus by targeting specific entry points based on the findings on risk factors and drivers of food contamination.
Climate change and environmental degradation are among the greatest threats to human health. Youth campaigners have very effectively focused global attention on the crisis, however children from the ...Global South are often under-represented (sometimes deliberately) in the dialogue. In The Gambia, West Africa, the impacts of climate change are already being directly experienced by the population, and this will worsen in coming years. There is strong government and community commitment to adapt to these challenges, as evidenced by The Gambia currently being the only country on target to meet the Paris agreement according to the Nationally Determined Contributions, but again children's voices are often missing-while their views could yield valuable additional insights. Here, we describe a "Climate Change Solutions Festival" that targeted and engaged school children from 13 to 18 years, and is to our knowledge, the first peer-to-peer (and student-to-professional) learning festival on climate change solutions for students in The Gambia. The event gave a unique insight into perceived climate change problems and scalable, affordable and sometimes very creative solutions that could be implemented in the local area. Logistical and practical methods for running the festival are shared, as well as details on all solutions demonstrated in enough detail to be duplicated. We also performed a narrative review of the most popular stalls to explore the scientific basis of these solutions and discuss these in a global context. Overall, we find extremely strong, grass-roots and student engagement in the Gambia and clear evidence of learning about climate change and the impacts of environmental degradation more broadly. Nevertheless, we reflect that in order to enact these proposed local solutions further steps to evaluate acceptability of adoption, feasibility within the communities, cost-benefit analyses and ability to scale solutions are needed. This could be the focus of future experiential learning activities with students and partnering stakeholders.
Background
Staphylococcus aureus
(
S. aureus
) is a bacterium of public health importance. The zoonotic spread of this pathogen through animal-derived foods has been reported. This systematic ...literature review investigates the prevalence, distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular characteristics of
S. aureus
in the food chain in Nigeria.
Methods
A systematic search of online databases (Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) for published articles from January 2002 to January 2022 was performed using the Prisma guideline.
Results
Fifty articles were included from an initial 511 extracted documents. These papers included research carried out in 22 states across Nigeria.
S. aureus
detection in most studies was above the satisfactory level for foods (≥ 10
4
CFU/g). The prevalence of
S. aureus
ranged from 1.3% in raw cow meat to 72.5% in fresh poultry meat. Most
S. aureus
isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance patterns, especially being resistant to beta-lactams. There is a lack of information on the molecular typing of the
S. aureus
isolates. The different
spa
types of
S. aureus
isolated were t091, t314, t1476, and t4690, categorized into Multi-Locus-Sequence Types ST8, ST121, ST152, and ST789. Virulence genes detected include
pvl, sea, see, spa, coa, edin, tsst,
and
hly.
Certain AMR-encoding genes were detected, such as
mec
A,
bla
Z
, fos, tet,
and
dfsr.
. Factors contributing to the presence of
S. aureus
were reported as poor processing, poor sanitary conditions of the food processing units, inadequate storage units, and poor handling.
Conclusion
We showed that
S. aureus
is a major food contaminant in Nigeria despite the need for more information on the molecular typing of strains from animal-derived food sources. There is a need to control
S. aureus
by targeting specific entry points based on the findings on risk factors and drivers of food contamination.
Previous studies hold that information asymmetry and offsetting accrual hypotheses explain the role of diversification in earnings management. Our paper adds to this line of research by examining the ...effect of corporate diversification on earnings management and investigating whether managerial shareholding matters in the relationship between diversification and earnings management in the context of an emerging economy. The study used a sample of 45 companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2018 and the Generalized Least Square (GLS) regression technique. The results revealed that industrial and geographical diversification have significant positive effects on earnings management. The result also showed that managerial shareholding has a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between industrial diversification and earnings management. These findings suggest the need for regulators to encourage managerial shareholding in diversified firms through share-based remuneration to have more reliable earnings.
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