Moving to a World Beyond "p < 0.05" Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Schirm, Allen L.; Lazar, Nicole A.
The American statistician,
03/2019, Letnik:
73, Številka:
sup1
Journal Article
The growth of antibiotic resistant microorganisms and the increasing demand for nonthermal antimicrobial treatment in the food and beverage industry motivates research into alternative inactivation ...methods. Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) provide an athermal method for inactivating microorganisms by creating nanometer-sized membrane pores in microorganisms, inducing cell death when the PEF duration and intensity are sufficient such that the pores cannot reseal after the PEFs through a process referred to as irreversible electroporation. While PEF inactivation has been studied for several decades, recent studies have focused on extending the technique to various liquids in the food industry and optimizing microorganism inactivation while minimizing adverse effects to the treated sample. This minireview will assess the biophysical mechanisms and theory of PEF-induced cellular interactions and summarize recent advances in applying this technology for microorganism inactivation alone and synergistically in combination with other technologies, including temperature, pressure, natural ingredients, and pharmaceuticals.
The RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enzyme transcribes all protein-coding and most non-coding RNA genes and is globally regulated by Mediator - a large, conformationally flexible protein complex with a ...variable subunit composition (for example, a four-subunit cyclin-dependent kinase 8 module can reversibly associate with it). These biochemical characteristics are fundamentally important for Mediator's ability to control various processes that are important for transcription, including the organization of chromatin architecture and the regulation of Pol II pre-initiation, initiation, re-initiation, pausing and elongation. Although Mediator exists in all eukaryotes, a variety of Mediator functions seem to be specific to metazoans, which is indicative of more diverse regulatory requirements.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gas-phase organic compounds leading to the formation of particle mass. Gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicles, both ...on/off-road, are important sources of SOA precursors. They emit complex mixtures of gas-phase organic compounds that vary in volatility and molecular structurefactors that influence their contributions to urban SOA. However, the relative importance of each vehicle type with respect to SOA formation remains unclear due to conflicting evidence from recent laboratory, field, and modeling studies. Both are likely important, with evolving contributions that vary with location and over short time scales. This review summarizes evidence, research needs, and discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up approaches used to estimate SOA from motor vehicles, focusing on inconsistencies between molecular-level understanding and regional observations. The effect of emission controls (e.g., exhaust aftertreatment technologies, fuel formulation) on SOA precursor emissions needs comprehensive evaluation, especially with international perspective given heterogeneity in regulations and technology penetration. Novel studies are needed to identify and quantify “missing” emissions that appear to contribute substantially to SOA production, especially in gasoline vehicles with the most advanced aftertreatment. Initial evidence suggests catalyzed diesel particulate filters greatly reduce emissions of SOA precursors along with primary aerosol.
In less than half a century, people in Vietnam have gone from fearing war and famine to fretting over the best cell phone plan. This shift in the landscape of people’s anxieties is the result of ...policies that made Vietnam the second-fastest-growing economy in the world and a triumph of late capitalist development. Yet as much as people marvel at the speed of progress, all this change— even for the better—can be difficult to handle. A Life of Worry unpacks an ethnographic puzzle. What accounts for the simultaneous increase in anxiety and economic prosperity among Ho Chi Minh City’s middle class? At a time when people around the world are turning to the pharmaceutical and wellness industries to soothe their troubled minds, it is worth asking whether these industries might be part of the problem. “A fascinating study of an important global phenomenon.” — LI ZHANG, author of Anxious China: Inner Revolution and Politics of Psychotherapy “A Life of Worry takes us from Ho Chi Minh City’s lively cafes to its burgeoning psychotherapy centers to offer an original phenomenological approach to anxiety as it is felt and enacted, often as a form of care for others, in Vietnam today.” — JOCELYN LIM CHUA, author of In Pursuit of the Good Life: Aspiration and Suicide in Globalizing South India
Emissions from mobile sources are important contributors to both
primary and secondary organic aerosols (POA and SOA) in urban environments.
We compiled recently published data to create ...comprehensive model-ready
organic emission profiles for on- and off-road gasoline, gas-turbine, and
diesel engines. The profiles span the entire volatility range, including
volatile organic compounds (VOCs, effective saturation concentration
C*=107–1011 µg m−3),
intermediate-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs,
C*=103–106 µg m−3), semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs, C*=1–102 µg m−3), low-volatile organic
compounds (LVOCs, C*≤0.1 µg m−3) and non-volatile
organic compounds (NVOCs). Although our profiles are comprehensive, this
paper focuses on the IVOC and SVOC fractions to improve predictions of SOA
formation. Organic emissions from all three source categories feature
tri-modal volatility distributions (“by-product” mode, “fuel” mode, and
“lubricant oil” mode). Despite wide variations in emission factors for
total organics, the mass fractions of IVOCs and SVOCs are relatively
consistent across sources using the same fuel type, for example, contributing
4.5 % (2.4 %–9.6 % as 10th to 90th percentiles) and
1.1 % (0.4 %–3.6 %) for a diverse fleet of light duty gasoline
vehicles tested over the cold-start unified cycle, respectively. This
consistency indicates that a limited number of profiles are needed to
construct emissions inventories. We define five distinct profiles:
(i) cold-start and off-road gasoline, (ii) hot-operation gasoline,
(iii) gas-turbine, (iv) traditional diesel and (v) diesel-particulate-filter
equipped diesel. These profiles are designed to be directly implemented into
chemical transport models and inventories. We compare emissions to unburned
fuel; gasoline and gas-turbine emissions are enriched in IVOCs relative to
unburned fuel. The new profiles predict that IVOCs and SVOC vapour will
contribute significantly to SOA production. We compare our new profiles to
traditional source profiles and various scaling approaches used previously to
estimate IVOC emissions. These comparisons reveal large errors in these
different approaches, ranging from failure to account for IVOC emissions
(traditional source profiles) to assuming source-invariant scaling ratios
(most IVOC scaling approaches).
We present a census of circumstellar disks in the Chamaeleon I star- forming region. Using the Infrared Array Camera and the Multiband Imaging Photometer on board the Spitzer Space Telescope, we have ...obtained images of Chamaeleon I at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0, and 24 mum. To search for new disk- bearing members of the cluster, we have performed spectroscopy on objects that have red colors in these data. Through this work, we have discovered four new members of Chamaeleon I with spectral types of M4, M6, M7.5, and L0. The first three objects are highly embedded and reside near known protostars, indicating that they may be among the youngest low-mass sources in the cluster. The L0 source is the coolest known member of Chamaeleon I. Its luminosity implies a mass of 0.004-0.01 M sub(image), making it the least massive brown dwarf for which a circumstellar disk has been reliably detected. To characterize the disk population in Chamaeleon I, we have classified the infrared spectral energy distributions of the 203 known members that are encompassed by the Spitzer images. Through these classifications, we find that the disk fraction in Chamaeleon I is roughly constant at image50% from 0.01 to 0.3 M sub(image). These data are similar to the disk fraction of IC 348, which is a denser cluster at the same age as Chamaeleon I. However, the disk fraction at image is significantly higher in Chamaeleon I than in IC 348 (65% vs. 20%), indicating longer disk lifetimes in Chamaeleon I for this mass range. Thus, low-density star-forming regions like Chamaeleon I may offer more time for planet formation around solar-type stars than denser clusters.
Phonon Spectroscopy at Atomic Resolution Hage, F S; Kepaptsoglou, D M; Ramasse, Q M ...
Physical review letters,
2019-Jan-11, Letnik:
122, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Advances in source monochromation in transmission electron microscopy have opened up new possibilities for investigations of condensed matter using the phonon-loss sector of the energy-loss spectrum. ...Here, we explore the spatial variations of the spectrum as an atomic-sized probe is scanned across a thin flake of hexagonal boron nitride. We demonstrate that phonon spectral mapping of atomic structure is possible. These results are consistent with a model for the quantum excitation of phonons and confirm that Z-contrast imaging is based on inelastic scattering associated with phonon excitation.
In 2008, Oregon initiated a limited expansion of a Medicaid program for uninsured, low-income adults, drawing names from a waiting list by lottery. This lottery created a rare opportunity to study ...the effects of Medicaid coverage by using a randomized controlled design. By using the randomization provided by the lottery and emergency-department records from Portland-area hospitals, we studied the emergency department use of about 25,000 lottery participants over about 18 months after the lottery. We found that Medicaid coverage significantly increases overall emergency use by 0.41 visits per person, or 40% relative to an average of 1.02 visits per person in the control group. We found increases in emergency-department visits across a broad range of types of visits, conditions, and subgroups, including increases in visits for conditions that may be most readily treatable in primary care settings.
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