Mangrove forests are highly productive coastal ecosystems that significantly influence global carbon cycling. This study characterized the sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate ...organic carbon (POC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the processes affecting their distributions in a mangrove-influenced estuary located in French Guiana (FG), a region representative of these dynamic systems down drift of the Amazon River. Four sampling cruises were carried out between 2013 and 2015 in surface waters of the estuary during dry and wet seasons. Stable isotopes (δ¹³DOC, δ¹³POC, δ¹³DIC), elemental ratios and optical properties (absorption) were used as proxies to identify different C sources. Property–salinity relationships revealed regions of approximately linear mixing (e.g., alkalinity) or net sources or sinks (e.g., DOC). DIC speciation and isotopic distributions demonstrated dynamic source–sink reaction processes within the estuary. DOC was the major form of organic carbon representing mixtures of terrestrial sources (e.g., pore water, litter leaching) and very high concentration (400–800 μM) compared to other mangrove settings (e.g. Brazilian, Sundarbans, African). Highly negative δ¹³POC (– 40‰) in the riverine part presumably suggests the role of freshwater phytoplankton in the dry season and methanotrophic sources derived from senescent mangrove deposits or upstream hydrothermal dam during the wet season. Microphytobenthos and marine phytoplankton were the primary sources of POC inshore and DOC offshore, respectively. Mangrove products and benthic microalgae dominated estuarine sources of C in FG coastal waters (~ 10 km, inner shelf region), and there was extensive exchange of C between forest and tidal flat and the estuarine reservoirs.
Some genetic variants within MTNR1B were related with fasting glucose levels or the increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity. The aims of the present investigation were to determine the ...influence of rs10830963 MTNR1B variant in relation to body weight loss, insulin resistance and adipokine levels in response to a hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.
A Caucasian population of 80 obese patients was studied before and after 12 weeks on a hypocaloric diet. Body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipoprotein levels and adipocytokines levels (leptin, adiponectin and resistin) were measured. Genotype of MTNR1B gene single nucleotide polymorphism (rs10830963) was evaluated.
In total, 44 patients (55%) had the genotype CC, 27 patients CG (33.8%) and 9 patients GG (11.2%). With the dietary intervention body mass index, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, leptin levels and waist circumference decreased in both groups. There were no significant differences between gender groups on the reported effects in each genotype group. However, the improvement of anthropometric parameters was higher in subjects with CC genotype than (GC + GG) genotype. After dietary intervention and in males with CC genotype, insulin levels (−5.3 ± 4.8 UI/L vs 1.2 ± 4.1 UI/L; p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (−1.4 ± 2.1 units vs 0.4 ± 2.0 units; p < 0.05) decreased. In the group of females with CC genotype, insulin levels (−3.5 ± 2.1 UI/L vs. −1.4 ± 2.2 UI/L: p < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (−1.4 ± 1.2 units vs. −0.1 ± 1.3 units: p < 0.05) decreased, too. However, these parameters remained unchanged in (GC + GG) group. Fasting glucose levels were higher in patients in (GC + GG).
This study showed the association of rs10830963 MTNR1B single nucleotide polymorphism with body weight loss and changes in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR in obese subjects.
The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of rs670 APOA1 gene polymorphism on obesity parameters, lipid profile, glucose metabolism markers, blood pressure and adipokine levels after a ...hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern.
A population of 82 obese patients was studied before and after 12 weeks on a hypocaloric diet (500 kcal per day) in an interventional study of one arm. GG and GA + AA subjects receiving the same diet. Anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters (lipid profile, glucose metabolism, blood pressure and adipokine levels) were measured. Genotype of ApoA1 gene polymorphism (rs670) was evaluated. The A allele is the risk allele.
After dietary intervention and in both genotype groups (GG vs. GA + AA), body mass index (BMI) (delta: −1.0 ± 0.8 kg/m2 vs. −1.4 ± 1.0 kg/m2: p = 0.02), weight (delta: −2.6 ± 2.1 kg vs. −3.6 ± 2.2 kg: p = 0.03), fat mass (delta: −1.6 ± 1.1 kg vs. −3.2 ± 1.0 kg: p = 0.01) and waist circumference (delta: −1.8 ± 0.6 cm vs. −2.2 ± 1.1 cm: p = 0.02) decreased. The decrease of the anthropometric parameters was higher in A allele carriers than non-A allele carriers. In A allele carriers, total cholesterol (delta: −11.1 ± 7.1 mg/dl vs. −20.1 ± 9.0 mg/dl: p = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (delta: −10.7 ± 4.1 mg/dl vs. −21.2 ± 8.0 mg/dl: p = 0.01), insulin levels (delta: −0.6 ± 0.8 UI/L vs. 3.7 ± 1.1 UI/L; p = 0.002) and insulin resistance with HOMA-IR (delta: −0.2 ± 0.3 units vs. 0.8 ± 0.4 units; p = 0.01) decreased. The improvement of leptin was similar in both genotype groups. Resistin and adiponectin levels remained unchanged after dietary intervention.
In this study the APOA1 (rs670) gene showed important effects on body weight, adiposity, LDL-cholesterol levels and insulin resistance after 12 weeks of the dietary intervention.
Omentin-1 might play a role on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of weight loss on omentin-1 concentrations after a hypocaloric ...diet with Mediterranean pattern.
A Caucasian sample of 67 obese patients was analyzed before and after 3 months on a hypocaloric diet. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid concentrations and omentin-1 were measured.
Sixty-seven obese subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 48.3 ± 8.0 years (range: 25–66) and the mean BMI 34.5 ± 4.8 kg/m2 (range: 30.2–40.8). Gender distribution was 50 females (74.6%) and 17 males (25.4%). After dietary intervention and in males and females; body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, LDL cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR decreased. Omentin-1 levels increase after dietary intervention (males vs females) (delta basal vs 3 months: 10.0 ± 3.8 ng/dl: p = 0.01 vs 9.9 ± 4.1 ng/dl; p = 0.03). In the multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and sex; BMI and insulin remained independently associated with baseline and post-treatment levels of omentin-1.
Our investigation showed a significant increase in omentin-1 levels after weight loss secondary to a hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern.
A common G-to-A transition located 75 base pairs upstream (rs670) from transcription start site of the APOA1 gene has been related with some metabolic parameters. Our aim was to analyze the effects ...of rs670 APOA1 gene polymorphism on lipid profile and metabolic changes after two different hypocaloric diets.
282 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 12 weeks (Diet HF – high fat diet vs. Diet LF – low fat diet). Anthropometric and biochemical status were evaluated.
Body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, leptin levels and waist circumference decreased in all patients in average after both diets. In A allele carriers after 12 weeks with both diets, insulin levels (Delta diet HF: −5.3 + 1.2 UI/L; P = 0.02 and Delta diet LF: −5.8 + 1.3 UI/L; P = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (Delta diet HF: −2.9 + 0.8 units; P = 0.01 and Delta diet LF: −2.2 + 0.9 units; P = 0.03) improved in a significant way. With the low fat diet, A allele carriers showed a statistical improvement in HDL-cholesterol levels (Delta: 4 + 1 mg/dl; P = 0.03).
Our study showed the association of rs670 ApoA1 polymorphism with a decrease of insulin resistance induced by both diets and provided additional evidence on HDL-cholesterol increase after a LF hypocaloric diet in A allele carriers.
Possible effects of sediment ventilation by benthic organisms on the nitrogen cycle were investigated using an experimental setup that mimicked stable or relatively low frequency oscillating redox ...conditions potentially found in bioturbated deposits. Three different conditions inside burrowed sediments were simulated using 2mm thick sediment layers: 1) continuously oxic sediment exposed to oxygenated overlying bottom water (e.g., burrow walls, surface sediment), 2) continuously anoxic sediment out of reach from either O2 or NO3− diffusion and 3) the lining/boundary of burrow structures or sediment pockets (e.g., excavated during feeding) subject to intermittent irrigation and redox fluctuations over several day timescales. Results demonstrated that intermittent redox fluctuations allowed sustained denitrification and episodic nitrification, whereas significant denitrification and both nitrification and denitrification were absent after ~5–10days from continuously oxidized and anoxic zones respectively. Intermittent redox oscillations enhance metabolic diversity, magnify loss of dissolved inorganic N to solution, and permit sustained coupling between ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification despite lack of a stable stratified oxic-anoxic redox structure. Even relatively low frequency redox oscillations induce greater N loss compared to sediment that is continuously exposed to oxic and anoxic conditions.
•The effects of biological sediment low frequency ventilation on the nitrogen cycle were investigated.•Different locations inside burrowed sediments were simulated: oxic, anoxic and oscillating.•Intermittent redox fluctuations allowed sustained denitrification and episodic nitrification.•Redox oscillations induce greater N loss.
Within the benthic boundary layer (BBL) and seabed of river-dominated ocean margins (RiOMars), the timing, kinetics and extent of important biogeochemical processes are greatly influenced by large ...riverine inputs of dissolved and particulate terrestrial materials. An examination of our current state of knowledge reveals that the rates of primary productivity, sediment deposition, remineralization and burial in these margins are among the highest of all marine systems. Transport and transformation processes within the benthic region of these RiOMar areas are highly variable (temporally and spatially). As a result, measurement and modeling of these processes are very challenging. A more quantitative understanding of these systems will require coordinated interdisciplinary studies that: (a) better define the quantity and composition of riverine inputs; (b) greatly improve our current knowledge of transport and transformation within the BBL of these systems; (c) focus on the sequential timing of physical forcings (riverine discharge, high energy events); (d) develop new nonclassical diagenetic models; (e) further characterize and delineate differences between sub-environments within a RiOMar and between RiOMar “types”; and, (f) provide a better mechanistic understanding of what controls the net retention of terrestrial materials (diagenetic transformation vs. burial) within RiOMar systems.
Infauna play key roles in nutrient cycling and bioturbation by facilitating exchange across the sediment–water interface, but the effects of environmental stressors on the behavior of infauna are ...poorly studied compared to epifauna. Here we used laboratory experiments to examine the effects of temperature (15, 21, and 32°C), salinity (16, 22, 28, and 34), and food availability (low, moderate, high) on the burrowing activity of the opportunistic deposit-feeding polychaeteCapitellasp. 1. We also used pH and O₂ fluorosensors to investigate the effects of burrowing on marine sediment chemistry. Worms buried significantly deeper at 21 than at 15°C, and they died at 32°C. Salinity only marginally affected the area of burrowing activity, with greater area at 35 than at 22. Burrows in highly enriched treatments were significantly more shallow than those in moderate and low food treatments. The fluorosensors showed that the exchange of solutes between the sediment and overlying water was associated with burrowing activity. These results show that changes in environmental conditions affect infaunal burrowing activity, which in turn affects sediment characteristics. We discuss the need to consider infaunal responses to abiotic stress in order to understand community and ecosystem responses to environmental changes associated with climate change, pollution, and eutrophication.
The present pilot trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of an acute treatment with a mixture containing 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus per day in ...patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
A sample of 30 patients with NAFLD (diagnosed by liver biopsy) was enrolled and 28 patients were analyzed in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomized to one of the following treatments during 3 months: group I, treated with one tablet per day with 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus and group II, treated with one placebo tablet (120 mg of starch).
In group I, alanine amino transferase (ALT: 67.7 +/- 25.1 vs. 60.4 +/- 30.4 UI/L; p < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST: 41.3 +/- 15.5 vs. 35.6 +/- 10.4 UI/L; p < 0.05) and gammaglutamine transferase levels (gammaGT: 118.2 +/- 63.1 vs. 107.7 +/- 60.8 UI/L; p < 0.05) decreased. In group II, all liver function parameters remained unchanged (ALT: 60.7 +/- 32.1 vs. 64.8 +/- 35.5 UI/L; p < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST: 31.7 +/- 13.1 vs. 36.4 +/- 13.8 UI/L; ns) and gammaglutamine transferase levels (gammaGT: 82.1 +/- 55.1 vs. 83.6 +/- 65.3 UI/L; ns). Anthropometric parameters and cardiovascular risk factors remained unchanged after treatment in both groups.
A tablet of 500 million of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, with a randomized clinical design, improved liver aminotransferases levels in patients with NAFLD.
Background
The effects of rs1501299 variant of ADIPO gene on weight loss after bariatric surgery have not been evaluated. We decided to investigate the role of this genetic variant on anthropometric ...and biochemical outcomes such as serum adiponectin levels after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) surgery in morbidly obese patients during 3 years.
Material and Methods
A sample of 64 patients with morbid obesity without diabetes mellitus was operated. Biochemical and anthropometric evaluation were realized at basal visit and at each visit during 3 years (1, 2, and 3 years).
Results
Percent excess weight loss, body mass index, weight, waist circumference, fat mass, blood pressure, fasting glucose, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides levels improved in both genotype groups. Fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR decreased significantly only in non-T allele carriers. The decrease of fasting insulin levels at 3 years (delta −9.2 ± 3.4 vs −2.9 ± 2.2 mUI/L;
p
= 0.01) and HOMA-IR (delta −1.3 ± 0.3 vs −0.8 ± 0.4 units;
p
= 0.03) were higher in non-T allele carriers than T carriers. Adiponectin levels increased in all times after surgery in non-T allele carriers, too. The increase of adiponectin levels at 3 years (delta 12.2 ± 3.6 vs 1.8 ± 1.2 ng/mL;
p
= 0.01) was higher in non-T allele carriers than T carriers.
Conclusion
Non-T allele of
ADIPOQ
gene variant (rs1501299) is associated with increases in adiponectin levels and better improvements of insulin and HOMA-IR after BPD massive weight loss. These parameters remained unchanged in T allele carriers
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