Pregabalin, Lacosamide, Rufinamide, Perampanel, Eslicarbazepine acetate, Brivaracetam, Cannabidiol, Stiripentol, Everolimus, Cenobamate, and Fenfluramine are drugs of the third generation of ...antiepileptic drugs registered by International Coalition of Medicine Regulatory Authorities between 2000 and 2021. There are 213 peer-reviewed papers on antiepileptic drug analysis in the literature over the last three decades (1990-2022) which were reviewed in this article to provide an extensive overview of liquid chromatography techniques used to determine antiepileptic drugs. These details were discussed on the basis of a matrix: additives that are used to prepare a dosage form, sample preparation technique, column, limits of detection and quantification, types of elution in chromatography (isocratic or gradient), and detector. This review article will provide vital information to the scientific community in order to identify the most appropriate approach for antiepileptic drug analysis and determination.
Objective: To investigate the photochemical constituents present in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS), High-Performance Thin–Layer ...Chromatography(HPTLC) analysis and study antioxidant activity.
Methods: Methanol extract of Martynia annua seeds were subjected to GC-MS and HPTLC analysis. HPTLC analysis was carried out using GAMAG system with a linomate5 applicator, system mobile phase (Toluene: Chloroform: Ethanol (4:4:1 V/V/V)), two different volume of extract was applied 2 µl and 5 µl. GC-MS analysis was carried out on JEOL GC MATE ΙΙ, column HP 5 MS and Quadruple double focusing mass analyzer. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay.
Results: GC-MS analysis provided 17 peaks indicating the presence of seventeen different phytochemicals in methanol extract of martynia annua seeds. HPTLC fingerprint showed 6 peaks at both size 2 µl and 5 µl at 254 nm whereas 4 peaks, 9 peaks were detected at 366 nm for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively. After derivatization with 10 % methanolic sulphuric acid, 8 peaks, 11 peaks were detected for 2 µl and 5 µl respectively when the derivatized plate was scanned at 540 nm. DPPH free radical scavenging result showed EC50 value of 44.1±1.1 µg/ml.
Conclusion: The GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fatty acids, ester, aldehydes and ketones whereas in HPTLC different peaks at different UV-lights before and after derivatization were observed. Maximum percentage inhibition using DPPH assay was found 74 at concentration of 50 µg/ml.
In order to address the challenges associated with antibiotic resistance by bacteria, two new complexes, Ni(II) and Zn(II), have been synthesized using the conventional method based on Schiff base ...ligand (E)-2-((5-bromothiazol-2-yl) imino) methyl) phenol. The Schiff base ligand (HL) was synthesized using salicylaldehyde and 5-(4-bromophenyl)thiazol-2-amine in both traditional and efficient, ecologically friendly, microwave-assisted procedures. The ligand and its complexes were evaluated by elemental analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic susceptibility. The ligand and its complexes were tested for antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603). The findings demonstrate the potent activity of the ligand and its complexes against selective bacteria but the Ni(II) complex with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 7.81 µg/mL outperformed all other compounds, including the widely used antibiotic Streptomycin. Furthermore, the docking study provided evidence supporting the validity of the antimicrobial results, since the Ni complex showed superior binding affinity against to E. coli NAD synthetase, which had a docking score (−7.61 kcal/mol).
The Bombax ceiba L. tree is a member of the family Bombacaceae and the genus Bombax. Both Chinese and Indian traditional medicine have made extensive use of it in the treatment of sickness. Its ...chemical composition is still a mystery. B. ceiba roots methanol extract (BCRME) was analyzed by different chromatographic analytical techniques in order to identify its major chemical constituents. Twelve compounds and six compounds were identified from GC-MS and LC-MS analysis, respectively. This is the first report on the presence of lathodoratin, cedrene, 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one,8-{dimethylamino} methyl-7-methoxy-3-methyl-2-phenyl, asiatic acid, and (E)-2,4,4'-trihydroxylchalcone in B. ceiba roots. Methanol extract demonstrated noteworthy antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96) (MIC: 100 µg/mL) compare to antibiotic ampicillin (MIC: 250 µg/mL) as well as the highest α-amylase inhibition (IC
50
=26.91 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC
50
=21.21 µg/mL) effects, molecular docking study confirmed these findings, with some compounds having a very high docking score.
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of methanol extract of Martynia annua seed revealed the presence of haploperozide and austricine. For safety, heavy metals content ...investigation of plant powder using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique showed that the toxic metals (Pb: 2.07 mg/kg; Cd: 0.07 mg/kg; and As: 0.18 mg/kg) concentrations were found to be below the permissible limit. The extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against E. coli (MIC value 125 g/mL). Furthermore, it was effective in inhibiting both α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes with a high percentage and IC
50
values were 42.28 ± 0.39 µg/mL and 34.11 ± 0.31 µg/mL, respectively. These findings were supported by a molecular docking study, some of the phytochemicals showed higher docking score values than references. However, Martynia annua seeds are safe to consume because they contain low levels of toxic heavy metals and possess antibacterial and anti-diabetic properties.
The aim of the present study was to understand hospital pharmacists' views and practices regarding generic substitution and therapeutic interchange.
This was a qualitative study involving pharmacists ...from three Western Saudi governorates: Taif, Makkah, and Jeddah. It included respondents from the Ministry of Health (MoH), military and private hospitals. Pharmacists were selected using a convenient sampling technique and data were collected using a structured face-to-face interview.
Fifty-seven pharmacists agreed to participate in this study. In MoH and private hospitals, generic substitution is a pharmacist-initiated act, while therapeutic interchange requires physician approval. Medication unavailability, side effects, patient characteristics, outcomes, and economic status justified most substitution decisions. In military hospitals, both types of substitutions are controlled by an auto-switch policy and physicians should be informed. In all hospitals, there are policies regulating substitution. Medications eligible for interchange mentioned by pharmacists from different hospitals were comparable to some extent. Pharmacists from the private sector considered substitution a supportive economic measure for both hospitals and patients. Most pharmacists highlighted that patient convenience and physician approval are the most challenging situations in substitution practice.
An enhanced understanding of substitution and knowledge about medications included in the hospital formulary will be valuable support to the implementation of substitution practice which responds to the patients' needs to improve their outcomes.
Background:
Ralstonia
species are Gram-negative bacilli that are commonly found in moist environments, such as water and soil. They are opportunistic human pathogens, particularly found among ...immunocompromised patients, and are an infrequent cause of infection. The difficulty in correctly identifying and differentiating between
Ralstonia
species members using routine biochemical methods as well as their resistance to many classes of antibiotics poses a specific diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
Case Description:
We report two cases from our neurosurgical unit complicated by postoperative cerebrospinal fluid infection caused by
Ralstonia Mannitolilytica
that posed a therapeutic challenge.
Conclusion:
Our hypothesis is contaminated irrigation fluids might be a significant cause of post-operative meningitis and prolonged hospital stay.
Background: This systematic review aims to explore the effectiveness of nurse recruitment and retention strategies within the unique cultural and healthcare context of Saudi Arabia. The Saudi ...healthcare system has been undergoing significant transformation, making it crucial to assess how these strategies can be optimized to meet the nation's evolving healthcare needs. Aim: The primary objective of this systematic review is to synthesize and critically analyze the existing literature on nurse recruitment and retention in Saudi Arabia. By doing so, it seeks to provide insights and recommendations for healthcare policymakers, organizations, and leaders to enhance the nursing workforce in the country. Method: A comprehensive search of various databases and academic sources was conducted, resulting in the selection of 15 relevant research studies. These studies encompassed various aspects of nurse recruitment and retention, including work environments, leadership styles, communication satisfaction, organizational commitment, and workforce planning. A qualitative analysis of the selected studies was performed to identify common themes, trends, and key findings. Results: The synthesis of the selected research studies revealed several critical factors in nurse recruitment and retention within Saudi Arabia. These include the significance of empowering work environments, alignment of leadership practices with Saudi cultural values, open and effective communication, robust workforce planning, comprehensive orientation programs, and continuous efforts to maintain high job satisfaction and foster organizational commitment. Conclusion: To optimize nurse recruitment and retention in Saudi Arabia, healthcare organizations and policymakers should consider the cultural context and multifaceted nature of the healthcare system. By implementing innovative leadership styles, promoting open communication, offering career development opportunities, and emphasizing workforce planning, Saudi Arabia can build a resilient and committed nursing workforce prepared to meet the nation's evolving healthcare needs.
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