Probiotics reduce stress-related inflammation and abnormal behaviors in humans and rodents via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The objective of this study was to determine if probiotic, ...Bacillus subtilis, has similar functions in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). Two hundred forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned to 48 pens with 4 treatments: Thermoneutral (TN)-RD (regular diet), TN-PD (the regular diet mixed with 1 × 106 CFU/g feed probiotic), HS-RD and HS-PD. Probiotic (Sporulin) was fed from day 1; and HS at 32°C for 10 h daily was initiated at day 15. The data showed that final BW, average daily gain , and feed conversion efficiency were improved in PD groups as compared to RD groups regardless of the ambient temperature (P < 0.01). Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was affected by treatment and its value was in the order of HS-RD > HS-PD > TN-RD > TN-PD birds (P < 0.01). Compared to TN birds, HS birds spent more time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent less time in eating, standing, and walking (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In addition, HS birds had greater levels of hepatic IL-6, IL-10, heat shock protein (HSP)70, and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.01) and greater levels of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01) compared to TN birds. Within TN groups, TN-PD birds had greater concentrations of hepatic IL-10 (P < 0.05) and cecal IgA (P < 0.01) than TN-RD birds. Within HS groups, HS-PD birds spent less time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent more time in eating, foraging, standing, and walking than HS-RD birds (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The HS-PD birds also had lower concentrations of hepatic IL-6 and HSP70 (P < 0.01), whereas greater levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01). These results indicate that broilers fed the probiotic, B. subtilis, are able to cope with HS more effectively by ameliorating heat-induced behavioral and inflammatory reactions through regulation of microbiota-modulated immunity.
Abstract
Probiotics reduce stress-related inflammation and abnormal behaviors in humans and rodents via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The objective of this study was to determine if ...probiotic, Bacillus subtilis, has similar functions in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). Two hundred forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned to 48 pens with 4 treatments: Thermoneutral (TN)-RD (regular diet), TN-PD (the regular diet mixed with 1 × 106 CFU/g feed probiotic), HS-RD and HS-PD. Probiotic (Sporulin) was fed from day 1; and HS at 32°C for 10 h daily was initiated at day 15. The data showed that final BW, average daily gain , and feed conversion efficiency were improved in PD groups as compared to RD groups regardless of the ambient temperature (P < 0.01). Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was affected by treatment and its value was in the order of HS-RD > HS-PD > TN-RD > TN-PD birds (P < 0.01). Compared to TN birds, HS birds spent more time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent less time in eating, standing, and walking (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In addition, HS birds had greater levels of hepatic IL-6, IL-10, heat shock protein (HSP)70, and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.01) and greater levels of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01) compared to TN birds. Within TN groups, TN-PD birds had greater concentrations of hepatic IL-10 (P < 0.05) and cecal IgA (P < 0.01) than TN-RD birds. Within HS groups, HS-PD birds spent less time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent more time in eating, foraging, standing, and walking than HS-RD birds (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The HS-PD birds also had lower concentrations of hepatic IL-6 and HSP70 (P < 0.01), whereas greater levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01). These results indicate that broilers fed the probiotic, B. subtilis, are able to cope with HS more effectively by ameliorating heat-induced behavioral and inflammatory reactions through regulation of microbiota-modulated immunity.
The aim of this work was to study how different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) affected broiler chicken resistance and susceptibility to C. perfringens challenge, as well as ...growth performance and intestinal morphology. A total of 84 Ross-308 broilers, 7 days of age were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups: first group (negative control), second group basal diet only (posi-tive control), third group (positive control treated with amoxicillin), fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups basal diet supplemented with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg ZONPs per kg ration, respectively. All treatments were replicated 4 times, with three birds in each pen. All groups were inoculated orally with 5×104 sporulated coccidial oocyst, and after 5 days, the same groups were challenged orally with 2 mL broth culture with 1.8×108 CFU/bird of C. perfringens type A, for 3 successive days. Our find-ings showed that ZONPs used as a feed additive, inhibited C. perfringens proliferation in the intes-tine. ZONPs supplemented groups had significant (P<0.05) improvement in overall body weight gain and feed consumption than the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio between all groups. Chicks supplemented with different ZONPs concentrations showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in villus height and villus/crypt ratio in small intestine, how-ever, there was no significant difference in crypt depth between all groups (P>0.05). Chicks supple-mented with ZONPs showed superior disease resistance and superior growth efficiency. Furthermore, 20 and 40 mg/kg ZONPs improved growth performance and intestinal parameters compared to other concentrations. As a result, ZONPs may be used in poultry feed as an alternative to antibiotics.
Probiotics reduce stress-related inflammation and abnormal behaviors in humans and rodents via regulation of the microbiota- gut-brain axis. The objective of this study was to determine if probiotic, ...Bacillus subtilis, has similar functions in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). Two hundred forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned to 48 pens with 4 treatments: Thermoneutral (TN)-RD (regular diet), TN-PD (the regular diet mixed with 1 x 106 CFU/g feed probiotic), HS-RD and HS-PD. Probiotic (Sporulin) was fed from day 1; and HS at 32°C for 10 h daily was initiated at day 15. The data showed that final BW, average daily gain , and feed conversion efficiency were improved in PD groups as compared to RD groups regardless of the ambient temperature (P < 0.01). Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was affected by treatment and its value was in the order of HS-RD > HS-PD > TN-RD > TN-PD birds (P < 0.01). Compared to TN birds, HS birds spent more time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent less time in eating, standing, and walking (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In addition, HS birds had greater levels of hepatic IL-6, IL-10, heat shock protein (HSP)70, and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.01) and greater levels of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01) compared to TN birds. Within TN groups, TN-PD birds had greater concentrations of hepatic IL-10 (P < 0.05) and cecal IgA (P < 0.01) than TN-RD birds. Within HS groups, HS-PD birds spent less time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent more time in eating, foraging, standing, and walking than HS-RD birds (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The HS-PD birds also had lower concentrations of hepatic IL-6 and HSP70 (P < 0.01), whereas greater levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01). These results indicate that broilers fed the probiotic, B. subtilis, are able to cope with HS more effectively by ameliorating heat-induced behavioral and inflammatory reactions through regulation of microbiota-modulated immunity.
The aim of this work was to study how different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) affected broiler chicken resistance and susceptibility to C. perfringens challenge, as well as ...growth performance and intestinal morphology. A total of 84 Ross-308 broilers, 7 days of age were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups: first group (negative control), second group - basal diet only (positive control), third group (positive control treated with amoxicillin), fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups - basal diet supplemented with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg ZONPs per kg ration, respectively. All treatments were replicated 4 times, with three birds in each pen. All groups were inoculated orally with 5×104 sporulated coccidial oocyst, and after 5 days, the same groups were challenged orally with 2 mL broth culture with 1.8×108 CFU/bird of C. perfringens type A, for 3 successive days. Our findings showed that ZONPs used as a feed additive, inhibited C. perfringens proliferation in the intestine. ZONPs supplemented groups had significant (P<0.05) improvement in overall body weight gain and feed consumption than the other groups. However, there was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio between all groups. Chicks supplemented with different ZONPs concentrations showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in villus height and villus/crypt ratio in small intestine, however, there was no significant difference in crypt depth between all groups (P>0.05). Chicks supplemented with ZONPs showed superior disease resistance and superior growth efficiency. Furthermore, 20 and 40 mg/kg ZONPs improved growth performance and intestinal parameters compared to other concentrations. As a result, ZONPs may be used in poultry feed as an alternative to antibiotics.
The current work aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding organic acids (OA) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood parameters and immune response of broilers fed with a low ...protein diet (LPD). A total number of 68 broiler chicks (one-day-old) were randomly distributed into 4 equal groups each of 17 chicks. The first group was fed the basal diet (100% NRC crude protein (CP)) free from OA and considered as a control (T1). The other three groups (T2, T3 and T4) were fed on diets with different protein levels (95% NRC, 90% NRC & 85% NRC, respectively) and supplemented with OA at a level of 0.45%. The results showed that body weight and gain during starter phase (days 1-21) were not significantly (P = 0.7, P = 0.13, respectively) influenced by the supplementation of OA. However, during finisher phase (days 22-42) body weight and gain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in OA groups (-18% and - 24%, respectively). A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in abdominal fat content and the meat cholesterol, triglyceride, and fat mass of broiler breast and thigh meat, while protein content significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all OA supplemented groups. In conclusion, adding OA improved immune response through increased serum globulin, and an increase in bursa relative weight of broilers. Moreover, the addition of OA to broiler fed LPD has no effect on growth parameters and carcass traits but improves broiler immunity and produces healthy meat to consumers.
Predictive ability of genomic EBV when using single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) in Angus cattle was investigated. Over 6 million records were available on birth weight (BiW) and weaning weight (WW), ...almost 3.4 million on postweaning gain (PWG), and over 1.3 million on calving ease (CE). Genomic information was available on, at most, 51,883 animals, which included high and low EBV accuracy animals. Traditional EBV was computed by BLUP and genomic EBV by ssGBLUP and indirect prediction based on SNP effects was derived from ssGBLUP; SNP effects were calculated based on the following reference populations: ref_2k (contains top bulls and top cows that had an EBV accuracy for BiW ≥0.85), ref_8k (contains all parents that were genotyped), and ref_33k (contains all genotyped animals born up to 2012). Indirect prediction was obtained as direct genomic value (DGV) or as an index of DGV and parent average (PA). Additionally, runs with ssGBLUP used the inverse of the genomic relationship matrix calculated by an algorithm for proven and young animals (APY) that uses recursions on a small subset of reference animals. An extra reference subset included 3,872 genotyped parents of genotyped animals (ref_4k). Cross-validation was used to assess predictive ability on a validation population of 18,721 animals born in 2013. Computations for growth traits used multiple-trait linear model and, for CE, a bivariate CE-BiW threshold-linear model. With BLUP, predictivities were 0.29, 0.34, 0.23, and 0.12 for BiW, WW, PWG, and CE, respectively. With ssGBLUP and ref_2k, predictivities were 0.34, 0.35, 0.27, and 0.13 for BiW, WW, PWG, and CE, respectively, and with ssGBLUP and ref_33k, predictivities were 0.39, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.13 for BiW, WW, PWG, and CE, respectively. Low predictivity for CE was due to low incidence rate of difficult calving. Indirect predictions with ref_33k were as accurate as with full ssGBLUP. Using the APY and recursions on ref_4k gave 88% gains of full ssGBLUP and using the APY and recursions on ref_8k gave 97% gains of full ssGBLUP. Genomic evaluation in beef cattle with ssGBLUP is feasible while keeping the models (maternal, multiple trait, and threshold) already used in regular BLUP. Gains in predictivity are dependent on the composition of the reference population. Indirect predictions via SNP effects derived from ssGBLUP allow for accurate genomic predictions on young animals, with no advantage of including PA in the index if the reference population is large. With the APY conditioning on about 10,000 reference animals, ssGBLUP is potentially applicable to a large number of genotyped animals without compromising predictive ability.
Age can be reset during mitosis in both yeast and stem cells to generate a young daughter cell from an aged and deteriorated one. This phenomenon requires asymmetry-generating genes (AGGs) that ...govern the asymmetrical inheritance of aggregated proteins. Using a genome-wide imaging screen to identify AGGs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we discovered a previously unknown role for endocytosis, vacuole fusion, and the myosin-dependent adaptor protein Vac17 in asymmetrical inheritance of misfolded proteins. Overproduction of Vac17 increases deposition of aggregates into cytoprotective vacuole-associated sites, counteracts age-related breakdown of endocytosis and vacuole integrity, and extends replicative lifespan. The link between damage asymmetry and vesicle trafficking can be explained by a direct interaction between aggregates and vesicles. We also show that the protein disaggregase Hsp104 interacts physically with endocytic vesicle-associated proteins, such as the dynamin-like protein, Vps1, which was also shown to be required for Vac17-dependent sequestration of protein aggregates. These data demonstrate that two physiognomies of aging—reduced endocytosis and protein aggregation—are interconnected and regulated by Vac17.
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•Vesicle trafficking and fusion control asymmetric inheritance of aggregated proteins•Vac17 increases vacuole-proximal fusion of aggregated proteins and extends lifespan•Hsp104 interacts physically with endomembrane trafficking components, including Vps1•Quality control by Vac17 requires Myo2 binding, membrane tethering, and Vps1
Cellular rejuvenation is enabled by asymmetrical inheritance of damaged proteins. Using a genome-wide imaging screen to identify asymmetry-generating genes, Hill et al. demonstrate a role for vesicle trafficking, membrane fusion, and the myosin-dependent adaptor protein Vac17 in the asymmetric inheritance of misfolded proteins and consequently in the regulation of lifespan.
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