Ecofriendly exploration of Arjun bark (
Terminalia arjuna
) is a herbal natural colorant for cotton dyeing. This is because the demand for natural dyes has been increased worldwide due to their ...therapeutic usage and other food, textiles, agriculture, engineering, and medical applications. Therefore, this study has been carried out due to the isolation of colorant from Arjun bark in an acidified methanolic medium after exposure to ultrasonic rays up to 60 min. Additionally, using bio-mordants, it has been found that the application of 10% of Zeera (
Cuminum cyminum
) extract as meta-bio-mordant, 3% of Ilaichi (
Elettaria cardamomum
) extract as meta-bio-mordant, and10 % of Harmal (
Peganum harmala
) and Neem (
Azadirachta indica
) extract as meta-bio-mordants has given excellent color strength. These bio-mordants have not only made the coloration process more eco-friendly, viable, and greener, but also improved color strength with various tonal effects from red to reddish brown shades. Thus, it has been found that ultrasonic treatment as an environment-friendly tool has not only enhanced the color strength of natural colorant isolated from Arjun bark onto the cotton fabric under mild conditions.
Graphical abstract
Sustainability in all applied fields particularly in textiles is to protect our globe, environment, and community, where green dyed products are playing their role. For the current study, Esfand (
...Peganum harmala
) has been explored using a green isolation tool, i.e., ultrasonic (U.S.) rays, and applied onto fabric. Different dyeing parameters have been explored statistically through response surface methodology by employing temperature (50–80°C), time (25–65 min), extract volume (15–55 mL), salt (1–5 g/100 mL), and dye bath pH (4–7) through series of experiments. For developing new shades, green mordants such as elaichi, neem, turmeric, and zeera have been utilized. It has been found that exposure of 35 mL extract of 7 pH containing 3 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent to U.S. rays for 30 min for the dyeing of silk at 70°C for 45 min has given maximum color strength with reddish-yellow shades. Color characteristics obtained in the CIE Lab system reveal that 5% of turmeric as meta bio-mordant has given good quality reddish-yellow shades. It is found that U.S. rays have not only good potential to isolate colorant followed by dyeing of silk under reduced condition but also the application of bio-mordants have made the process more greener, sustainable, and cleaner.
Graphical abstract
The present study aims to extract a natural reddish brown colorant from Peepal (
Ficus religiosa
) for silk dyeing using the microwave radiation process (MW). The colorant was isolated in aqueous and ...acidic media, and MW treatment for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min has been given to both fabric and extract to observe changes in color intensity. The dye variables have been optimized, and for sustainable shade making process with good fastness, 1.0–5.0 g/100 mL of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has been employed. It has been found that after microwave treatment for 3 min, under selected conditions, the irradiated aqueous extract has given high color intensity onto silk fabric. The utilization of 3% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 2% of tannic acid (T.A.) as pre chemical mordant whereas 4% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 3% of tannic acid as post chemical mordant have given good color characteristics. In comparison, 4% of acacia and 3% of turmeric and pomegranate while 3% of acacia and turmeric and 4% of pomegranate extracts as post-bio-mordant have given excellent color characteristics. It is concluded that MW treatment has an excellent sustainable efficacy to isolate colorant from Peepal bark for silk dyeing, whereas the inclusion of bio-mordants has not only made the process more sustainable and environmental friendly but also best K/S, and
L*a*b*
values have been acquired.
Environmentally friendly products are the need of the hour, particularly in this pandemic situation because synthetic products need such toxic chemicals for their formulation and finishing which are ...carcinogenic for the globe. The current study is the utilization of waste black tea leaf (BT)–based tannin brown natural colorant for silk dyeing using microwave treatment. Dye (tannin) has been isolated in various media before and after microwave treatment up to 6 min and applied at various conditions. It has been found that 30 mL of aqueous extract of 3.0
p
H obtained from 6.0 g of powder containing 3.0 g/100 mL of salt as an exhausting agent after microwave treatment for 5 min, when employed at 55 °C for 45 min, has given good color yield onto silk. Iron (3%) and acacia extract (2%) as pre-chemical and bio mordant, iron (2%) and pomegranate extract (2%) as post chemical and bio-mordant, and Al (3 %) and pomegranate extract (3%) as meta chemical and bio-mordant have given new shades with good to excellent fastness ratings. It is inferred that waste black tea leaves (BTs) in an aqueous medium have an excellent potential to serve as a source of natural tannin brown dye for the coloration of surface-modified silk fabrics under the influence of cost, energy, and time-effective microwave treatment. Additionally, the utilization of a low amount of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has valorized the dyeing of silk by developing soothing and sustainable shades with good fastness properties.
Graphical abstract
Sustainability in the utilization of products in all fields particularly food textiles, solar cells, etc. is of prime concern to the global community. In this study, licorice (
Glycyrrhiza glabra
L.) ...as a source of herbal-based coloring agent for cotton dyeing has been explored under the influence of ultrasonic (US) waves. Methanolic extract of licorice bark after US treatment for 20 min has shown excellent color depth (K/S) onto ultrasonically treated cotton fabric at 65°Cfor 45 min. Applying bio-mordants, it has been found that acacia extract (1%), henna (5%), and pomegranate and turmeric extracts (7%) as pre-bio-mordant, whereas acacia, turmeric, and henna extracts (7%) and pomegranate extract (5%) as post-bio-mordants, exhibited superb color strength. Salts of Al (7%) and salts of Fe (3%) as pre chemical mordants, while salts of Al (3%) and salts of Fe (5%) as post chemical mordants, have given good results. Overall, it has been found that salt of Fe (3%) as pre-chemical mordant and extract of turmeric (7%) as post bio-mordant have shown superb color strength. It can be concluded that US treatment being an environmentally safe means has only improved the color strength of colorant onto cotton fabric and the adding of bio-mordants has contrived the method more sustainable.
Graphical abstract
Natural colors particularly animal-based colorants are employed in the field of cosmetics, food, and flavors and also gaining popularity in textiles, due to their soothing nature. In this study, the ...microwave-assisted extraction of colorant from cochineal insects for dyeing of bio-mordanted silk has been carried out. Acidic, methanolic, and acidified methanol solubilized media were used to extract the natural colorant from cochineal under microwave irradiation for 1–6 min. Bio-mordants have been employed at optimized conditions to make the process greener and sustainable. It is found that acid solubilized extract of pH 4, employed at 55 °C for 55 min containing 5 g/100 mL of Glauber’s salt as exhausting agent has given high color strength onto microwave-treated silk fabric. Suggested ISO standards for colorfastness have revealed that bio-mordants have given excellent color depth and excellent rating of fastness properties, compared with chemical mordants used. It is found that microwave treatment has not only improved the dyeing behavior of colorant extracted from cochineal in acid solubilized medium but also enhanced the color characteristics onto bio-mordanted silk fabric.
The resurgence of natural colorant in textile dyeing is gaining popularity due to their ecofriendly benefits. The current study has been concerned with dyeing of silk fabric using extract obtained ...from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) which was microwave irradiated for 1-5 min. To make dyeing process more ecofriendly, bio-mordants and chemical mordants have been employed at optimal conditions. It is found that microwave treatment to the extract for 3 min is suitable to get darker shades with acceptable color characteristics using un-irradiated silk. It has been found that dyeing of un-irradiated silk fabric for 60 min using acidic extract of Safflower (pH 2) has given high color strength. Rating of colorfastness reveals that 7% of curcumin and lawsone as bio-mordant has not only given high color depth but also rated excellent fastness properties as compared to chemical mordants used. It is found that microwave treatment has not only improved the dyeing behavior of carthamin but also enhanced the color characteristics.
The revival of natural dyes in textiles is gaining popularity due to their sustainable nature. The current study has been undertaken to improve the dyeing behaviors of cochineal-based natural dye ...(carminic acid) for wool dyeing under the influence of microwave treatment. For the purpose, wool fabric and extract obtained from cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus costa) were irradiated for 1-6 min. The nature of dye bath (pH) and dyeing temperature were optimized using optimal irradiation conditions. To make dyeing process more sustainable and eco-friendly, bio-mordants and chemical mordants have been employed at optimal conditions. It is found that microwave treatment of extraction for 5 min is suitable to get darker shades with acceptable color characteristics using unirradiated wool fabric. K/S was found using acidic dye bath of cochineal insect of pH 1 for dyeing unirradiated fabric at 70°C using acidic extract of Cochineal bugs. Suggested ISO standards for color fastness revealed that 5% of henna and 3% pomegranate as bio-mordant have not only given high color depth but also rated excellent fastness properties as compared to chemical mordants used. It is found that MW treatment has not only improved the dyeing behavior of carminic acid but also enhanced the color characteristics.
In the current pandemic scenario, sustainable green products particularly antiviral, antioxidant, and antibacterial in nature are gaining worldwide fame in almost every walk of life.
Cassia obovata
(
...C. obovata
) has been valorized as a source of yellow natural dye for nylon dyeing. For the isolation of dye extracts and for surface tuning, nylon fabrics were treated with microwave rays up to 10 min. For getting new shades with good to excellent fastness characteristics, sustainable bio-mordants in comparison with chemical mordants have been used at 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80°C. It has been found that for getting effective colorant yield, acidic extract should be exposed to MW ray treatment up to 6 min, and for getting improved fastness rating, bio-mordants have given excellent color characteristics. Statistical optimization of dyeing variable shows that application of 40 mL of
C. obovata
acidic extract of RE of 6
p
H containing 3 g/100 mL of salt when employed at 55 °C for 45 min has given excellent results onto irradiated nylon fabric (RNF). It is inferred that
Cassia obovata
has an excellent potential for coloration of surface-modified fabrics, where the application of low amount of bio-mordants under statistical optimized conditions has made process more ecological, economical, and sustainable.
Graphical abstract
The application of natural dye in the textile industry is gaining popularity because of the increasing awareness of environmental effects, the ecological effects, and the pollution caused by ...synthetic dyes. Rose flowers, which are one of the best sources of natural dye, have been selected for fabric dyeing due to the presence of anthocyanin pigment. Dyeing of wool is done at optimal conditions such as pH, temperature, time, and salt. It is found that at different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) chemical and bio mordants mediums gave a variety of shades of good color and better fastness properties onto natural fabrics. By using different chemical and bio mordants and their combinations to analyze the color strength and fastness properties could be enhanced. Bio-mordants gave shades with good color strength and acceptable for the universe. The plant extract has therapeutic values like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.
