Les adolescents obèses ont non seulement une insulinorésistance associée à une dysfonction vasculaire mais aussi un déficit en vitamine D dont le rôle dans la régulation du métabolisme ...phosphocalcique est bien établi. Par ailleurs, il existe une association inverse forte entre taux de vitamine D et risque cardiovasculaire chez l’adulte. Pour autant, les relations entre déficience en vitamine D, paramètres anthropométriques, complications métaboliques et dysfonction vasculaire ne sont pas clairement établies chez l’adolescent obèse (AO). Ainsi, les buts de cette étude ont été :
– de comparer ces différents paramètres entre AO et adolescents normopondérés et ;
– d’étudier leurs interrelations.
Vingt-trois adolescents, 13 obèses et 10 témoins normopondérés, appariés en sexe et en maturation sexuelle ont été inclus pour une évaluation : des paramètres anthropométriques, de la composition corporelle, d’un bilan glucidolipidique complet, du statut en 25-OHD, de la pigmentation de la peau, et d’un bilan vasculaire morphologique et fonctionnel, avec la détermination de l’épaisseur intima média (IMT), de la vasorelaxation endothélium-dépendante (VRED) et indépendante (VREID).
Les différences entre les groupes ont été analysées à partir d’un test t de Student pour échantillons indépendants. Le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson a été utilisé pour analyser les relations entre 25-OHD et les autres variables. Les AO étaient insulinorésistants (indice de résistance HOMA-IR augmenté, p<0,05) et atteints d’une déficience en vitamine D (41,2±13,3 nmol/L contre témoins 54,0±10,1 nmol/L, p<0,05). L’IMT des AO était significativement supérieure à celle des témoins (0,68±0,05mm contre témoins 0,61±0,02mm, p<0,001). La VREID était plus faible chez les AO (p<0,01), tandis que la VRED ne différait significativement. Les corrélations significatives entre 25OHD et les paramètres anthropométriques et avec l’IMT sont présentées dans le Tableau 1. Elles restent significatives avec les cofacteurs sexe et pigmentation de peau. En revanche, 25-OHD n’étaient pas significativement corrélée avec HOMA-IR, VRED et VREID.
Le résultat majeur de notre étude montre une association inverse entre 25-OHD et IMT. Selon les résultats rétrospectifs de la cohorte Finns, une déficience en 25-OHD dans l’enfance prédisposerait à des valeurs hautes d’IMT, marqueur de risque cardiovasculaire élevé à l’âge adulte. Il semble donc important de mettre en place des stratégies interventionnelles afin de non seulement normaliser les taux en 25-OHD mais aussi diminuer l’IMT chez les adolescents obèses.
Phenolic compounds of shredded carrots were characterized and quantified by HPLC and their concentrations were measured during storage in air at 4 degrees C. Trans 5'-caffeoylquinic acid amounted to ...60% of total phenolic content and accumulated rapidly. Para-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic esters were not found in freshly prepared shredded carrots and their content increased after the first day. Patterns of accumulation varied between samples from the same carrot cultivar grown in different geographical areas. When shredded carrots were stored in polypropylene film pouches or in controlled atmospheres containing 30% CO2 and/or 0% O2, phenolic compounds accumulated very slowly. The increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was consistent with accumulation of phenolic compounds and may relate to microbial spoilage
Tunisia is a typical country of the Mediterranean region where high prevalence of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases co-exist with some micronutrient deficiencies, and diet-related ...environmental issues must be addressed. Individual food choices may influence both health and environment. The aim of this study was to identify diets that are nutritionally adequate, culturally acceptable, and with low environmental impact for Tunisian adults.
Individual dietary data from a national Tunisian survey on food consumption (n = 7209, 35–70 years) and the national food composition table were used to estimate the food and nutritional content of the mean observed (OBS) diet. The diet environmental impact was assessed through seven metrics: water deprivation, land-use, land-use potential impacts on biodiversity loss, erosion resistance, mechanical filtration, groundwater replenishment, and biotic production. Quadratic optimization models were implemented to obtain diets that met the nutritional recommendations, and concomitantly respected increasingly stringent environmental constraints and minimized the departure from the OBS diet.
Without environmental constraints, the nutritional recommendations were met by increasing the amount of dairy, starch and vegetables, and decreasing foods high in fat/salt/sugar (HFSS) and added fat. Compared with the OBS diet, the environmental impact of this diet increased: +32% for water deprivation and +46–48% for land use and its impacts.
When a moderate environmental impact reduction (≤30%) was added to the nutritional constraints, the dietary changes at the food group level were similar to those required to reach nutritional adequacy, except for a progressive decrease in meat/fish/egg quantities. Animal-based product contributions to the total energy and protein content were close or slightly lower than in OBS diet, but a redistribution of sources was required: less meat in favor of dairy, egg and fish products. Stronger reductions (≥40%) required substantial changes that might compromise the optimized diet acceptability.
Targeting a nutritionally adequate diet without considering its environmental impact might increase water deprivation, land use and its impacts on biodiversity and soil quality. In Tunisia, moving towards healthy diets with lower environmental impact relied more on redistributing the sources of animal-based products rather than on reducing their total contribution, together with a decrease of HFSS and added fats, and an increase of vegetables. Actions to favor the adoption of such dietary changes by consumers should be explored to promote more sustainable diets in the Mediterranean region.
•Dietary shifts towards a healthier diet may increase its environmental impact.•Dietary shifts to reach a healthy diet with lower environmental impact were explored for Tunisia.•Water and land-use impacts could be reduced by 30%, while achieving nutritional adequacy.•More sustainable diets relied more on redistributing animal product sources than on reducing their total contribution.•Environmental impact reductions >30% required larger dietary shifts.
The purpose of this study was to compare chemical and electrochemical acidification, in order to identify differences between the two acidification procedures. The results reveal differences in the ...acidification profiles obtained with the two methods. Whereas chemical acidification showed a salting‐in effect from addition of salts, bipolar‐membrane electroacidification (BMEA) removes salts through electrochemical demineralization, favoring protein precipitation. Hence, at pH 4.6, all the caseins were precipitated by BMEA, while some were not yet precipitated by chemical acidification. Nevertheless, the chemical composition and the casein fraction composition of the isolates were the same for both chemical and electrochemical acidification.
Designing food formulations is an important approach to meet a set of nutritional needs and to address malnutrition issues. Linear programming is an appropriate tool for designing novel nutritionally ...optimized formulations based on a combination of gluten-free climate-smart crops. Four nutritionally optimized cowpea-based pasta formulations in association or not with teff and/or amaranth leaves (AL) were designed to meet a woman's protein requirements in terms of quantity and quality, fibers, ω6/ω3, iron, zinc and B9 vitamin, while limiting antinutritional factors such as phytates. To predict the processability of the flours into pasta and the visual acceptance of future pasta by consumers, the antioxidant and oxidant capacities of flours were measured and their color compared with the color of durum wheat semolina (DWS). The formulation combining cowpea and AL had the highest nutritional composition and lowest impact of phytates. The formulation with cowpea, teff and AL seems to be the easiest to process thanks to its lower lipoxygenase activity and the higher antioxidant capacity, followed by the teff-cowpea formulation. The color of the formulation that only contained cowpea was closest to DWS.
•Linear programming can be used to improve the nutritional quality of pasta.•Four cowpea-based pasta reach FAO nutrition recommendations for one meal for adults.•Cowpea/amaranth leaf pasta is the most nutritionally interesting formulation.•Adding teff and amaranth leaves to cowpea pasta could facilitate its processing.•Theoretical zinc bioavailability is 30% in cooked cowpea-based pasta.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of decreasing the mineral content of skim milk by electrodialysis (ED) prior to electroacidification with bipolar membrane (BMEA) on the performance ...of the process, the chemical composition, and the physicochemical and functional properties of the isolates produced. ED used to demineralize the skim milk solution was very efficient. However, the electroacidification parameters were influenced by the demineralization level of the skim milk solution: the energy efficiency was decreased with an increase in demineralization, but it was still possible to perform BMEA at a very low conductivity level. Moreover, the isolates produced by BMEA after electrodialysis demineralization at different rates showed similar chemical composition, except on potassium and lactose contents for 75% demineralized isolate. These isolates, except on protein load for 75% demineralization rate, showed similar physicochemical and functional properties, whatever the demineralization rate. Keywords: Electrochemical acidification; electrodialysis demineralization; precipitation kinetic; functional properties; casein isolate
Recently, processes combining an electrical field as a driving force to porous membranes have been developed for the separation of protein or peptide mixtures to obtain more purified products with ...higher functionality or nutritional value. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the flow rate on the productivity and selectivity as well as on the electrodialytic parameters of electrodialysis with an ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) during the fractionation of peptides from a β-lactoglobulin tryptic hydrolysate. It appeared that the feed solution flow rate had no impact on the yield of the process but induced changes in the selectivity. In fact, increases in the flow rate decreased the migration of the peptides with limited electrophoretic mobility.
To report the rationale, recruitment, design, dietary intervention and baseline characteristics of participants in the Medi-RIVAGE study (Mediterranean Diet, Cardiovascular Risks and Gene ...Polymorphisms).
A randomised, parallel trial comparing a new nutritional programme with a conventional programme.
Centre for Detection and Prevention of Arteriosclerosis, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France, and collaborating teams.
Two hundred and twelve male and female volunteers with at least one cardiovascular risk factor.
A Mediterranean-type diet characterised mainly by the quality of fatty acids, amount of fish, vegetable foodstuffs and fibre was proposed and compared with a usually prescribed, low-fat/cholesterol diet. Body mass index, fasting lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, glucose, insulin and homocysteine were the main outcome measures. Gene polymorphisms of interest were determined.
Characteristics of men in the two arms were comparable with regard to sociodemographic variables, and clinical and biological cardiovascular risk factors. There were few differences between the groups of women (cholesterol-related parameters, P<0.05). There was no difference between arms in allelic distribution of the gene polymorphisms studied. Saturated fat and protein intakes were high while carbohydrate and fibre intakes were low, but with no difference between arms. Overall, the nutritional markers were comparable in both arms with few exceptions. Correlations between nutritional intakes and plasma nutrient levels ranged from 0.19 (beta-carotene) to 0.47 (folate).
The comparability of the two arms is notable and warrants a low risk of biases. Current diet departs from the traditional Mediterranean one. The assessment of nutritional intake is validated by correlations obtained between dietary intake and relevant biomarkers. This will be important to estimate participant compliance and to analyse intervention data.
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