Significance
Goats were among the first domestic animals and today are an important livestock species; archaeozoological evidence from the Zagros Mountains of western Iran indicates that goats were ...managed by the late ninth/early eighth millennium. We assess goat assemblages from Ganj Dareh and Tepe Abdul Hosein, two Aceramic Neolithic Zagros sites, using complementary archaeozoological and archaeogenomic approaches. Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes indicate that these goats were genetically diverse and ancestral to later domestic goats and already distinct from wild goats. Demographic profiles from bone remains, differential diversity patterns of uniparental markers, and presence of long runs of homozygosity reveal the practicing and consequences of management, thus expanding our understanding of the beginnings of animal husbandry.
The Aceramic Neolithic (∼9600 to 7000 cal BC) period in the Zagros Mountains, western Iran, provides some of the earliest archaeological evidence of goat (
Capra hircus
) management and husbandry by circa 8200 cal BC, with detectable morphological change appearing ∼1,000 y later. To examine the genomic imprint of initial management and its implications for the goat domestication process, we analyzed 14 novel nuclear genomes (mean coverage 1.13X) and 32 mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes (mean coverage 143X) from two such sites, Ganj Dareh and Tepe Abdul Hosein. These genomes show two distinct clusters: those with domestic affinity and a minority group with stronger wild affinity, indicating that managed goats were genetically distinct from wild goats at this early horizon. This genetic duality, the presence of long runs of homozygosity, shared ancestry with later Neolithic populations, a sex bias in archaeozoological remains, and demographic profiles from across all layers of Ganj Dareh support management of genetically domestic goat by circa 8200 cal BC, and represent the oldest to-this-date reported livestock genomes. In these sites a combination of high autosomal and mtDNA diversity, contrasting limited Y chromosomal lineage diversity, an absence of reported selection signatures for pigmentation, and the wild morphology of bone remains illustrates domestication as an extended process lacking a strong initial bottleneck, beginning with spatial control, demographic manipulation via biased male culling, captive breeding, and subsequently phenotypic and genomic selection.
Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2020, Letnik:
370, Številka:
6516
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a ...common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.
This book illustrates the extraordinary diversity of ‘nomad lives’ in time and space, in a tribute to Claudine Karlin, comprising 28 texts signed by economists, geographers, historians or ...sociologists.These case studies, organized into five chapters, are invitations to meet women, men and children from all over the world. The first chapter focuses on characterizing nomads and nomadism through examples ranging from the Aka pygmies, hunter-gatherers in the Central African forest, Yakut and Kazakh herders from the Central Asian steppes, or “nomads of contemporary globalization”. The second concentrates on the material culture of camps, from the Chatelperronians in the Grotte du Bison at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) to the Manteks, Kurds in contemporary Iraq. The third examines the territories and circuits inherent to nomad lives, from the first hominids of East Africa to the break in the fishing way of life brought about by the arrival of Europeans in the Magellan Strait. Magdalenian mobility trends in the Roc-aux-Sorciers (Vienne), changes in funerary practices during the Bronze and Iron Ages in the Central Asian steppes (Kazakhstan), the sexual division of labour among the Tchouktcha of Russian Siberia, etc.: the social relations with the living and the dead, in and outside the group, are the main themes of the last two chapters.But throughout the pages a single apparently simple but extremely complex question emerges. The book ends with an attempt to answer this question from the combined perspective of an archaeologist, an ethnologist and a sociologist. Because, in the end, what does being a nomad mean?
This chapter is based on our recent investigations into the subsistence economy at a military fort in the northern Caucasus (in modern Georgia), in comparison with sites along the Gorgan Wall in the ...north-east of Iran. The latter include forts and settlements in the hinterland. These studies highlight the diversity of animal consumption during the Sasanian era, influenced by the environmental setting of the sites, general agro-pastoral practices in the study regions and different cultural traditions. In all cases, however, herded animals (sheep/goats and cattle) provided most of the animal protein, complemented by the exploitation of other resources such as
Over mountain and vale Thévenin, Michaël; Mashkour, Marjan; Amiri, Sarieh ...
2021
Book Chapter
We describe the pastoral life on the Northern foothills of the Lesser Caucasus and adjacent plains including the district of Gədəbəy and Şəmkir in Azerbaijan. Our main objective was to determine the ...types of present-day seasonal migratory movements of caprines (sheep and goats) and bovines in a remote region of western Azerbaijan. This area was traditionally involved in larger trans-national transhumant networks, before the political upheavals. We were able to observe several herding practices ranging from semi nomadism for very large herd mostly in the low lands and a rural pastoralism practised by the inhabitants of mountainous zones orchestrated by the limitations and regulation of the soviet and post-soviet era for land-use and production of domesticate herd. The idea behind this work that regrouped an ethnologist and three archaeozoologists was to create a modern isotopic baseline on bioarchaeological material originating from a selection of animals from various pastoral contexts. This will be useful for interpretation of prehistoric archaeozoological material originating from the Caucasus.
PDF
