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•MOFs show high catalytic capacity in heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process.•Physical/chemical MOFs modification can effectively enhance catalytic functions.•Efficient e− ...transfer and e−-h+ pairs separation mainly promotes catalytic reactions.•Influencing factors and stability/reusability are prerequisite in MOFs application.•The future developments and suggestions of MOFs-based catalysts are highlighted.
Advanced oxidation process (AOP), with a high oxidation efficiency, fast reaction speed (relatively no secondary pollution), has become one of the core technologies of industrial wastewater and advanced drinking water treatment. Heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process (HFOP) is a kind of AOP, which developed rapidly in recent years in such a way to overcome the disadvantages of traditional Fenton reaction. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives become essential heterogeneous catalysts for organics mineralization due to the large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and ease of structural regulation. However, the knowledge gap on the mechanism and the fate of heterogeneous catalyst species during organics degradation activities by MOFs presents considerable impediments, particularly for a wide application and scaling up the process. This work has the potential to provide guidance and ideas for researchers and engineers in the fields of environmental remediation, environmental catalysis and functional materials. This review focuses on clarifying the critical mechanism of •OH production from MOFs and derivatives as well as its action on the organic’s degradation process. The recent developments in MOF based HFOP are compared, and more attention is paid for the following aspects in this review: (1) classifies systematically progressive modification methods of MOFs by chemical and physical treatments; (2) analyzes the fate of catalytic species during treating organic wastewater; (3) proposes design ideas and principles for improving the performance of MOFs catalysts; (4) discusses the main factors influencing the catalytic properties and practical application; (5) summarizes the possible research challenges and directions for MOFs and their derivatives as catalysts applied to wastewater treatment in the future.
Let
N
be a maximal discrete nest on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space
ℋ
,
ξ
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
e
n
2
n
be a separating vector for the commutant
N
′
,
E
ξ
, be the projection from
ℋ
onto the ...subspace
ℂ
ξ
spanned by the vector ξ, and
Q
be the projection from
K
=
ℋ
⊕
ℋ
⊕
ℋ
onto the closed subspace
{
(
η
,
η
,
η
)
T
:
η
∈
H
}
. Suppose that
ℒ
is the projection lattice generated by the projections
(
E
ξ
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
)
,
{
(
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
)
:
E
∈
N
}
,
(
I
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
)
a
n
d
Q
.
We show that
ℒ
is a Kadison-Singer lattice with the trivial commutant. Moreover, we prove that every
n
-th bounded cohomology group
H
n
(
Alg
ℒ
,
B
(
K
)
)
with coefficients in
B
(
K
)
is trivial for
n
⩾ 1.
•It is the first meta-analysis assessing the effect of PPI use on efficacy of ICI.•PPI use fails to affect the OS and PFS of patients receiving ICI significantly.•PPI use may have a positive effect ...on PFS of melanoma patients receiving ICI.•PPI use may have a negative effect on PFS of NSCLC patients receiving ICI.•PPI should be prescribed cautiously for patients receiving ICI.
The gut microbiome can mediate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Meanwhile, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) can modulate the gut microbiome significantly. However, the impact of PPI use on the clinical outcome of ICI therapy remains unclear.
Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were conducted to retrieve studies exploring the relationship between PPI use and the clinical benefit of patients undergoing ICI therapy through June 2020. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the influence of PPI use on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).
A total of seven studies were eligible for our final analysis. There was no significant association between PPI use and OS or PFS (PPI users versus non-users: HR for OS: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.79–1.40, P = 0.73; HR for PFS: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.66–1.23, P = 0.51). However, subgroup analyses demonstrated that PPI use was related to a superior PFS of melanoma patients (HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.91, P = 0.02) and an inferior PFS of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05–1.31, P = 0.006).
Our present study indicates that PPI use is not significantly associated with OS and PFS of patients undergoing ICI treatment. However, concomitant PPI therapy may have a positive effect on melanoma patients and a negative effect on NSCLC patients. It is advisable for clinical oncologists to evaluate the necessity for PPI use when they treat patients with ICI therapy.
Al30 is the polycation with the highest degree of polymerization and surface charge in the currently known structural aluminum species. It shows excellent coagulation performance in water treatment ...process, and has the characteristics of wide application range of pH and dosage. pH value is one of the most important factors affecting the aggregation and coagulation process of Al30, but the influence of Al30 aggregation reaction on its coagulation effect is still unclear. Therefore, this article reports the deprotonation and aggregation reaction of Al30 by adjusting the basicity (B) of the solution, particularly to further understand the coagulation mechanism of Al30 under different conditions. The results showed that in the base titration process, when B < 2.86 in 0.01 M Al30 solution as AlT (the concentration of total Al), deprotonation and preliminary aggregation mainly occurred; when B > 2.86, the size of Al30 aggregates (Al30agg) increased rapidly, forming gels and gradually transforming into Al(OH)3. In this process, in addition to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion induced by Al30 deprotonation, the oligomers generated by the partial dissociation of Al30 also play the role of bridging-connection. Under the experimental titration conditions, the Al30agg always maintained a positive zeta potential. In addition, Al30 can deprotonate and aggregate at lower pH, which is an important reason for its unique coagulation characteristics. The larger structure size of Al30 also made it easy to form branched aggregates, so that it can play an effective role in a wider dosage range without destabilization of colloids. This study gives an insight in the advancement of coagulants and promotes the industrial application and commercialization of functional coagulants based on polyaluminum.
•The process of Al30 aggregation and structural transformation was investigated.•Belt η-H2O in Al30 was the most active site for deprotonation and ion exchange.•The aggregation process of Al30 was divided into three sections.•Structure of Al30 kept stable in aggregating process.•Aggregation of Al30 influence its coagulation mechanism under different conditions.
Let
X
be a Banach space over the field
F
(
R
or
C
)
. Denote by
B
(
X
) the set of all bounded linear operators on
X
and by
F
(
X
) the set of all finite rank operators on
X
. A subalgebra
A
⊆
B
(
X
...)
is called a standard operator algebra if
F
(
X
)
⊆
A
. Suppose that
δ
is a mapping from
A
into
B
(
X
). First, we prove that if
δ
is a Lie triple derivation, then
δ
is standard. Next, we show that if
δ
is a local Lie triple derivation and
dim
(
X
)
≥
3
, then
δ
is a Lie triple derivation. Finally, we prove that if
δ
is a 2-local Lie triple derivation, then
δ
=
d
+
τ
, where
d
is a derivation, and
τ
is a homogeneous mapping from
A
into
F
I
such that
τ
(
A
+
B
)
=
τ
(
A
)
for each
A
,
B
in
A
where
B
is a sum of double commutators.
Objective
To investigate the relationship between pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels and survival in Chinese patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Methods
This retrospective study enrolled 82 ...patients with SCLC treated at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2012 to January 2015. All patients were followed up. Associations between pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels measured by immunoturbidimetric assay and clinical outcomes were analyzed by Kaplan–Meier and multivariate analyses, using a cut-off level of 0.55 mg/L fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU).
Results
Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly higher in patients with low D-dimer levels (≤0.55 mg/L FEU; 8.0 and 17.0 months, respectively) compared with patients with high levels (>0.55 mg/L FEU; 5.0 and 9.0 months, respectively). Plasma D-dimer levels, Karnofsky performance status, N stage, TNM stage, treatment, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were significantly associated with PFS, while D-dimer levels, N stage, TNM stage, and treatment were significantly associated with OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that TNM stage, treatment, and NSE levels were independently associated with PFS, while D-dimer levels and treatment were independently associated with OS.
Conclusions
Pretreatment plasma D-dimer levels were independently associated with OS in patients with SCLC.
Let
A
be a
∗
-algebra and
M
be a
∗
-
A
-bimodule. We study the local properties of
∗
-derivations and
∗
-Jordan derivations from
A
into
M
under the following orthogonality conditions on elements in
A
...:
a
b
∗
=
0
,
a
b
∗
+
b
∗
a
=
0
and
a
b
∗
=
b
∗
a
=
0
. We characterize the mappings on zero product determined algebras and zero Jordan product determined algebras. Moreover, we give some applications on
C
∗
-algebras, group algebras, matrix algebras, algebras of locally measurable operators and von Neumann algebras.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits the poorest outcomes among breast cancer subtypes due to the high heterogeneity and a lasting scarcity of effectual treatments. Targeted therapies based ...on molecular subtypes of TNBC are critical step toward tailoring treatments to improve clinical outcomes. Gastrointestinal cancer stem cell (CSC) marker DCLK1 was reported to be highly expressed in stem cell-rich subtype of TNBC. Here, we firstly explored the impacts of DCLK1 on tumor cells as well as their immune microenvironment in TNBC and potential therapeutic strategies for TNBC patients with high DCLK1 expression. Our results disclosed that DCLK1 overexpression promoted, while knockout of DCLK1 suppressed the CSC-like traits of TNBC cells and resistance to chemotherapeutics. Besides, DCLK1 supported immune escape by inhibiting intratumoral cytotoxic T cell infiltration in TNBC and hence limited immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis revealed that IL-6/STAT3 signaling was significantly enriched in high DCLK1-expressing patients, and our results further revealed that DCLK1 enhanced IL-6 expression and STAT3 activation in TNBC cells, which finally gave rise to upregulated CSC traits and suppressed CD8+ T-cell activity. Inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 pathway by IL-6R antagonist, Tocilizumab or STAT3 inhibitor, S31-201 could abolish DCLK1-promoted malignant phenotypes of TNBC cells. Finally, DCLK1 was identified to be specifically and highly expressed in the mesenchymal-like subtype of TNBC and targeting DCLK1 could improve chemotherapy efficacy and activate antitumor immunity. Overall, our study revealed the potential clinical benefits of targeting DCLK1 in TNBC treatment.
Immunotherapy is one of the most promising strategies for cancer, compared with traditional treatments. As one of the key emerging immunotherapies, anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment has brought survival ...benefits to many advanced cancer patients. However, in pancreatic cancer, immunotherapy-based approaches have not achieved a favorable clinical effect because of mismatch repair deficiencies. Therefore, the majority of pancreatic tumors are regarded as immune-quiescent tumors and non-responsive to single-checkpoint blockade therapies. Many preclinical and clinical studies suggest that it is still important to clarify the regulatory mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in pancreatic cancer. As a marker of cancer stem cells, DCLK1 has been found to play an important role in the occurrence and development of a plethora of human cancers. Recent researches have revealed that DCLK1 is closely related to EMT process of tumor cells, meanwhile, it could also be used as a biomarker in gastrointestinal tumors to predict the prognoses of patients. However, the role that DCLK1 plays in the immune regulation of tumor microenvironments remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to understand if DCLK1 could positively regulate the expression of PD-L1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, we examined if DCLK1 highly correlated with the Hippo pathway through TCGA database analysis. We found that DCLK1 helped regulate the level of PD-L1 expression by affecting the corresponding expression level of yes-associated protein in the Hippo pathway. Collectively, our study identifies DCLK1 as an important regulator of PD-L1 expression in pancreatic tumor and highlights a central role of DCLK1 in the regulation of tumor immunity.
•OH− was consumed mainly to react with Al13 at 2.46 < B < 3.02.•Most Al13 keep structure unchanged during the aggregation process.•Al13 became unstable after deprotonation and favored to lose more ...protons.•Deprotonated Al13 preferentially aggregated via bridged by Al monomers.•Particles can promote the aggregation of Al13 by adsorption effect.
Unraveling the transformation of coagulants and their interaction with contaminants at the micro-level is vital to advancing our understanding of the coagulation mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, the coagulation effectiveness of AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ (Al13), regarded as the dominant species in polyaluminum chloride (PACl), is highly related to its aggregation characteristic, but the detailed process of Al13 aggregation in coagulation time scale was not well studies. Here we systematically studied the deprotonation and aggregation processes of Al13 by alkaline titration to simulate the reaction in coagulation case. By reacting with OH−, Al13 can continuously lose protons regardless of pH until its positive charge was well neutralized. The initial Al13 aggregates (Al13agg) appeared at B of 2.70 and large Al13agg was generated by coalescence of small initial Al13agg. Most Al13 polycations kept their main structure unchanged during aggregation and part was decomposed into monomers or oligomers. Density functional theory (DFT) results reveal that Al13 becomes unstable after deprotonation, but the aggregation of Al13 bridged by Al monomers can stabilize the polycations. Al13 needs to be hydrolyzed before interacting with colloidal particles, but particles can promote the aggregation of Al13 by weakening the repulsion force between the polymers. Strong and compact flocs can be generated induced by in-situ aggregation of Al13 in neutral and alkaline conditions. This study can provide a deep understanding about the role of Al13agg in removing particles and instruct the development of new efficient coagulants against the various water qualities.
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