Obinutuzumab is an anti-CD20 antibody engineered to elicit killing mechanisms distinct from rituximab. In a trial of chemotherapy plus obinutuzumab or rituximab that used the antibody as maintenance ...therapy for 2 years, obinutuzumab prolonged progression-free survival.
The energy bandgap of an insulator is large enough to prevent electron excitation and electrical conduction. But in addition to charge, an electron also has spin, and the collective motion of spin ...can propagate-and so transfer a signal-in some insulators. This motion is called a spin wave and is usually excited using magnetic fields. Here we show that a spin wave in an insulator can be generated and detected using spin-Hall effects, which enable the direct conversion of an electric signal into a spin wave, and its subsequent transmission through (and recovery from) an insulator over macroscopic distances. First, we show evidence for the transfer of spin angular momentum between an insulator magnet Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) and a platinum film. This transfer allows direct conversion of an electric current in the platinum film to a spin wave in the Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) via spin-Hall effects. Second, making use of the transfer in a Pt/Y(3)Fe(5)O(12)/Pt system, we demonstrate that an electric current in one metal film induces voltage in the other, far distant, metal film. Specifically, the applied electric current is converted into spin angular momentum owing to the spin-Hall effect in the first platinum film; the angular momentum is then carried by a spin wave in the insulating Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) layer; at the distant platinum film, the spin angular momentum of the spin wave is converted back to an electric voltage. This effect can be switched on and off using a magnetic field. Weak spin damping in Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) is responsible for its transparency for the transmission of spin angular momentum. This hybrid electrical transmission method potentially offers a means of innovative signal delivery in electrical circuits and devices.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In superelastic alloys, large deformation can revert to a memorized shape after removing the stress. However, the stress increases with increasing temperature, which limits the practical use over a ...wide temperature range. Polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Al-Ni shape memory alloys show a small temperature dependence of the superelastic stress because of a small transformation entropy change brought about by a magnetic contribution to the Gibbs energies. For one alloy composition, the superelastic stress varies by 0.53 megapascal/°C over a temperature range from −196 to 240°C.
Using the spin Hall effect, magnetization relaxation in a Ni_{81}Fe_{19}/Pt film is manipulated electrically. An electric current applied to the Pt layer exerts spin torque on the entire ...magnetization of the Ni81Fe19 layer via the macroscopic spin transfer induced by the spin Hall effect and modulates the magnetization relaxation in the Ni81Fe19 layer. This method allows us to tune the magnetization dynamics regardless of the film size without applying electric currents directly to the magnetic layer.
Injection of spin currents into solids is crucial for exploring spin physics and spintronics. There has been significant progress in recent years in spin injection into high-resistivity materials, ...for example, semiconductors and organic materials, which uses tunnel barriers to circumvent the impedance mismatch problem; the impedance mismatch between ferromagnetic metals and high-resistivity materials drastically limits the spin-injection efficiency. However, because of this problem, there is no route for spin injection into these materials through low-resistivity interfaces, that is, Ohmic contacts, even though this promises an easy and versatile pathway for spin injection without the need for growing high-quality tunnel barriers. Here we show experimental evidence that spin pumping enables spin injection free from this condition; room-temperature spin injection into GaAs from Ni(81)Fe(19) through an Ohmic contact is demonstrated through dynamical spin exchange. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this exchange can be controlled electrically by applying a bias voltage across a Ni(81)Fe(19)/GaAs interface, enabling electric tuning of the spin-pumping efficiency.
The aim of this study was to establish safety and efficacy of a new sirolimus-eluting stent with bioresorbable polymer, Ultimaster (BP-SES). Sirolimus-eluting stent with bioresorbable polymer was ...compared with everolimus-eluting, permanent polymer, Xience stent (PP-EES) in the frame of a CENTURY II clinical trial designed to make global clinical data compliant with regulatory requirements in Europe and Japan.
The CENTURY II is a prospective, multicentre, randomized (1 : 1), single blind, controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial conducted at 58 study sites in Japan, Europe, and Korea. A total of 1123 patients requiring a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedure, with implantation of drug-eluting stent (DES), were enrolled total population (TP). Randomization of patients was stratified for the subset of patients matching requirements for DES in Japan (Cohort JR, n = 722). Baseline patient demographic and angiographic characteristics were similar in both study arms, with minimal differences between the TP and Cohort JR. The primary endpoint, freedom from target lesion failure (TLF) at 9 months-TLF composite of cardiac death, target-vessel-related myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization-was 95.6% with BP-SES and 95.1% with PP-EES (Pnon-inferiority<0.0001). Composite of cardiac death and MI rate was 2.9 and 3.8% (P = 0.40) and target vessel revascularization was 4.5% with BP-SES and 4.2% with PP-EES (P = 0.77). The stent thrombosis rate was 0.9% in both arms. In Cohort JR, freedom from TLF was 95.9 and 94.6% (Pnon-inferiority < 0.0005) with BP-SES and PP-EES, respectively.
The new bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent showed safety and efficacy profiles similar to durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent at 9-month follow-up.
UMIN000006940.
The generation of electric voltage by placing a conductor in a temperature gradient is called the Seebeck effect. Its efficiency is represented by the Seebeck coefficient, S, which is defined as the ...ratio of the generated electric voltage to the temperature difference, and is determined by the scattering rate and the density of the conduction electrons. The effect can be exploited, for example, in thermal electric-power generators and for temperature sensing, by connecting two conductors with different Seebeck coefficients, a device called a thermocouple. Here we report the observation of the thermal generation of driving power, or voltage, for electron spin: the spin Seebeck effect. Using a recently developed spin-detection technique that involves the spin Hall effect, we measure the spin voltage generated from a temperature gradient in a metallic magnet. This thermally induced spin voltage persists even at distances far from the sample ends, and spins can be extracted from every position on the magnet simply by attaching a metal. The spin Seebeck effect observed here is directly applicable to the production of spin-voltage generators, which are crucial for driving spintronic devices. The spin Seebeck effect allows us to pass a pure spin current, a flow of electron spins without electric currents, over a long distance. These innovative capabilities will invigorate spintronics research.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Spin-polarized current can excite the magnetization of a ferromagnet through the transfer of spin angular momentum to the local spin system. This pure spin-related transport phenomenon leads to ...alluring possibilities for the achievement of a nanometer scale, complementary metal oxide semiconductor-compatible, tunable microwave generator that operates at low bias for future wireless communication applications. Microwave emission generated by the persistent motion of magnetic vortices induced by a spin-transfer effect seems to be a unique manner to reach appropriate spectral linewidth. However, in metallic systems, in which such vortex oscillations have been observed, the resulting microwave power is much too small. In this study, we present experimental evidence of spin-transfer-induced vortex precession in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions, with an emitted power that is at least one order of magnitude stronger and with similar spectral quality. More importantly and in contrast to other spin-transfer excitations, the thorough comparison between experimental results and analytical predictions provides a clear textbook illustration of the mechanism of spin-transfer-induced vortex precession.
Coastal upwelling along the southern coast of Java brings cold and nutrient‐rich subsurface water to the surface. We explored whether the upwelling could trigger the onset of the Indian Ocean Dipole ...(IOD) by supplying cold water to the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. We used satellite‐based daily chlorophyll‐a concentration (Chl‐a) data during 2003–2020 as a proxy of the coastal upwelling. We focused on first Chl‐a bloom that occurred in April‐June, the onset phase of the positive IOD (pIOD). We found that the timing and strength of the upwelling signals were significantly correlated with the subsequent IOD peaks. We diagnosed processes associated with the upwelling affecting sea surface temperature (SST) in the southeastern Indian Ocean. Results indicate that after the cold‐water upwelling south of Java, westward surface temperature advection plays a role in anomalously cooling the SST in the southeastern Indian Ocean and setting a favorable condition for the subsequent pIOD development.
Plain Language Summary
Along the southwestern coastal waters of Java islands in Indonesia, coastal upwelling brings up cold water from below and can cool the ocean surface temperatures. Past studies reported that strong upwelling signals were observed together with the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomenon. However, it was unclear if and how the coastal cold water spreads over large area of the Indian Ocean and affect the occurrence of IOD. We used sea surface chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) data estimated from satellite observations as an indicator of coastal upwelling. We focused on the date when the first Chl‐a bloom occurred south of Java in each year. On average, Chl‐a bloom occurs around June, but in years when it occurred earlier (around April‐May), Chl‐a bloom was followed by a positive IOD event in August‐October. We further investigated how the cold water in the coastal area spreads widely over the eastern Indian Ocean. It was found that stronger westward ocean currents expanded the cold water to a wider area of the eastern Indian Ocean and can set a favorable condition for the development of the positive IOD. Thus, accurate observation and understanding of the coastal upwelling may improve the predictability of the Indian Ocean climate.
Key Points
Satellite‐based surface chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) can be a proxy of intraseasonal‐scale coastal upwelling along the southern coast of Java
The timing and strength of the upwelling signals were significantly correlated with the subsequent peak of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
The coastal upwelling may contribute to the onset and development of positive IOD through the process of anomalous cold‐water advection
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