To determine molecular epidemiology and clinical features of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections, we reviewed EV-D68–associated respiratory cases at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain, during 2014–2021. ...Respiratory samples were collected from hospitalized patients or outpatients with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection or suggestive of enterovirus infection. Enterovirus detection was performed by real-time multiplex reverse transcription PCR and characterization by phylogenetic analysis of the partial viral protein 1 coding region sequences. From 184 patients with EV-D68 infection, circulating subclades were B3 (80%), D1 (17%), B2 (1%), and A (<1%); clade proportions shifted over time. EV-D68 was detected mostly in children (86%) and biennially (2016, 2018, 2021). In patients <16 years of age, the most common sign/symptom was lower respiratory tract infection, for which 11.8% required pediatric intensive care unit admission and 2.3% required invasive mechanical ventilation; neurologic complications developed in 1. The potential neurotropism indicates that enterovirus surveillance should be mandatory.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Scope
Dietary polyphenols can alter the gut microbiota (GM) and promote the production of bioactive metabolites. Several indoles result of GM metabolism of dietary tryptophan have been associated ...with intestinal barrier integrity. Our aim is to study the changes in GM‐derived indoles during a polyphenol‐rich (PR) diet intervention in older adults.
Methods and Results
Randomized, controlled, crossover trial in adults ≥ 60 years living in a residential care facility during an 8‐week PR versus control diet (n = 51). Seven GM‐tryptophan metabolites are measured in serum, and metataxonomic analysis of GM is performed on fecal samples. Exploratory subgroup analyses are performed based on renal function (RF). The PR‐diet significantly increases serum indole 3‐propionic acid (IPA) in subjects with normal RF, but not in subjects with impaired RF. Other GM‐tryptophan metabolites are not affected. Comparison of baseline GM composition shows shifts in Bacteroidales order members as well as higher abundance of Clostridiales in participants with normal RF. During the trial, variations of IPA are associated with changes in C‐reactive protein (β = 0.32, p = 0.010) and GM, particularly with the Clostridiales (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and Enterobacteriales (r = −0.15, p < 0.05) orders.
Conclusion
A PR diet increases the serum concentration of IPA in older adults with normal RF. Our findings may be important when defining appropriate dietary interventions for older adults.
Trial registration number: ISRCTN10214981 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10214981).
In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial involving 51 adults ≥ 60 y receiving a PR‐diet for 8 weeks we observed that the PR‐diet significantly increased serum indole 3‐propionic acid (IPA), and the effect was dependent on renal function. During the trial, variation of IPA in volunteers with normal renal function was associated with changes in C‐reactive protein and gut microbiota, particularly with the Clostridiales and Enterobacteriales orders.
Worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in 2014 and 2016 have caused serious respiratory and neurological disease. We collected samples from several European countries during the 2018 ...outbreak and determined 53 near full-length genome ('whole genome') sequences. These sequences were combined with 718 whole genome and 1,987 VP1-gene publicly available sequences. In 2018, circulating strains clustered into multiple subgroups in the B3 and A2 subclades, with different phylogenetic origins. Clusters in subclade B3 emerged from strains circulating primarily in the US and Europe in 2016, though some had deeper roots linking to Asian strains, while clusters in A2 traced back to strains detected in East Asia in 2015-2016. In 2018, all sequences from the USA formed a distinct subgroup, containing only three non-US samples. Alongside the varied origins of seasonal strains, we found that diversification of these variants begins up to 18 months prior to the first diagnostic detection during a EV-D68 season. EV-D68 displays strong signs of continuous antigenic evolution and all 2018 A2 strains had novel patterns in the putative neutralizing epitopes in the BC- and DE-loops. The pattern in the BC-loop of the USA B3 subgroup had not been detected on that continent before. Patients with EV-D68 in subclade A2 were significantly older than patients with a B3 subclade virus. In contrast to other subclades, the age distribution of A2 is distinctly bimodal and was found primarily among children and in the elderly. We hypothesize that EV-D68's rapid evolution of surface proteins, extensive diversity, and high rate of geographic mixing could be explained by substantial reinfection of adults. Better understanding of evolution and immunity across diverse viral pathogens, including EV-D68 and SARS-CoV-2, is critical to pandemic preparedness in the future.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bioinformatic tools for the enrichment of 'omics' datasets facilitate interpretation and understanding of data. To date few are suitable for metabolomics datasets. The main objective of this work is ...to give a critical overview, for the first time, of the performance of these tools. To that aim, datasets from metabolomic repositories were selected and enriched data were created. Both types of data were analysed with these tools and outputs were thoroughly examined.
An exploratory multivariate analysis of the most used tools for the enrichment of metabolite sets, based on a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of Jaccard's distances, was performed and mirrored their diversity. Codes (identifiers) of the metabolites of the datasets were searched in different metabolite databases (HMDB, KEGG, PubChem, ChEBI, BioCyc/HumanCyc, LipidMAPS, ChemSpider, METLIN and Recon2). The databases that presented more identifiers of the metabolites of the dataset were PubChem, followed by METLIN and ChEBI. However, these databases had duplicated entries and might present false positives. The performance of over-representation analysis (ORA) tools, including BioCyc/HumanCyc, ConsensusPathDB, IMPaLA, MBRole, MetaboAnalyst, Metabox, MetExplore, MPEA, PathVisio and Reactome and the mapping tool KEGGREST, was examined. Results were mostly consistent among tools and between real and enriched data despite the variability of the tools. Nevertheless, a few controversial results such as differences in the total number of metabolites were also found. Disease-based enrichment analyses were also assessed, but they were not found to be accurate probably due to the fact that metabolite disease sets are not up-to-date and the difficulty of predicting diseases from a list of metabolites.
We have extensively reviewed the state-of-the-art of the available range of tools for metabolomic datasets, the completeness of metabolite databases, the performance of ORA methods and disease-based analyses. Despite the variability of the tools, they provided consistent results independent of their analytic approach. However, more work on the completeness of metabolite and pathway databases is required, which strongly affects the accuracy of enrichment analyses. Improvements will be translated into more accurate and global insights of the metabolome.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Accurate dietary assessment is a challenge in nutritional research, needing powerful and robust tools for reliable measurement of food intake biomarkers. In this work, we have developed a novel ...quantitative dietary fingerprinting (QDF) approach, which enables for the first time the simultaneous quantitation of about 350 urinary food-derived metabolites, including (poly)phenolic aglycones, phase II metabolites, and microbial-transformed compounds, as well as other compounds (e.g., glucosinolates, amino acid derivatives, methylxanthines, alkaloids, and markers of alcohol and tobacco consumption). This method was fully validated for 220 metabolites, yielding good linearity, high sensitivity and precision, accurate recovery rates, and negligible matrix effects. Furthermore, 127 additional phase II metabolites were also included in this method after identification in urines collected from acute dietary interventions with various foods. Thus, this metabolomic approach represents one-step further toward precision nutrition and the objective of improving the accurateness and comprehensiveness in the assessment of dietary patterns and lifestyles.
Summary
Root endophytes establish beneficial interactions with plants, improving holobiont resilience and fitness, but how plant immunity accommodates beneficial microbes is poorly understood. The ...multi‐stress tolerance‐inducing endophyte Enterobacter sp. SA187 triggers a canonical immune response in Arabidopsis only at high bacterial dosage (>108 CFUs ml−1), suggesting that SA187 is able to evade or suppress the plant defence system at lower titres. Although SA187 flagellin epitopes are recognized by the FLS2 receptor, SA187‐triggered salt tolerance functions independently of the FLS2 system. In contrast, overexpression of the chitin receptor components LYK4 and LYK5 compromised the beneficial effect of SA187 on Arabidopsis, while it was enhanced in lyk4 mutant plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the role of LYK4 is intertwined with a function in remodelling defence responses with growth and root developmental processes. LYK4 interferes with modification of plant ethylene homeostasis by Enterobacter SA187 to boost salt stress resistance. Collectively, these results contribute to unlock the crosstalk between components of the plant immune system and beneficial microbes and point to a new role for the Lys‐motif receptor LYK4 in beneficial plant–microbe interaction.
Our health and well‐being are affected by our food systems. The new nutrition reality has been linked to complex food systems, interrelated with several pathways and determinants, including physical, ...socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological, and lately, has been strongly associated with population health, the increase in chronic diseases, and climate change. We briefly comment on four pillars, namely food environments, food security, food supply, and safety and nutritional epidemiology, all of which are key determinants of food systems. We overview some highlights, challenges, and methodologies with a view to advancing food and nutrition science as an integrated field of research. By modifying food systems, we are able to improve the aging and well‐being of populations and the health of the planet. Trusted science, nutritional education, new scientific‐public communication, integrated policy, investment, food availability, and cultural strategies are all essential for creating better food systems. Perceptual blindness in nutrition must be transformed.
Silicone oil (SO) still represents the main choice for long‐term intraocular tamponade in complicated vitreoretinal surgery. This review compared the complications associated with the use of SO and ...other vitreous substitutes after pars plana vitrectomy in patients with different underlying diseases. Meta‐analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We retrieved randomized clinical trials (RCTs), retrospective case–control and cohort studies evaluating the risk of using SO, published between 1994 and 2020, conducting a computer‐based search of the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. Primary outcome was the rate of complications such as intraocular hypertension, retinal re‐detachment, unexpected vision loss or hypotony. Secondary outcome was to compare the rate of adverse events of different SO viscosities, especially emulsification. Forty‐three articles were included. There were significant differences in intraocular hypertension (p = 0.0002, OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.27–2.18) and the rate of retinal re‐detachment (p < 0.0009, OR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.50–0.64) between SO and other agents, including placebo. However, there were no differences in other complication rates. Silicone oil (SO)‐emulsification rate was non‐significantly higher in low than high SO viscosity, and results from other complications were comparable in both groups. The high quality of most of the studies included in this study is noteworthy, which provides some certainty to the conclusions. Among them is the high variability of the SO residence time. The fact that ocular hypertension and not hypotension is related to SO use. A clear relationship is not found for the so‐called unexplained vision loss, which affects a significant percentage of eyes. Re‐detachment cases are less if SO is used and that surprisingly there does not seem to be a relationship in the percentage of emulsification between the low‐ and high‐viscosity silicones. All these data warrant more standardized prospective studies.
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important aetiologic agent of respiratory tract infection (RTI). This study aimed to describe the prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of HMPV.
...Laboratory-confirmed HMPV were characterised based on partial-coding G gene sequences with MEGA.v6.0. WGS was performed with Illumina, and evolutionary analyses with Datamonkey and Nextstrain.
HMPV prevalence was 2.5%, peaking in February-April and with an alternation in the predominance of HMPV-A and –B until the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, not circulating until summer and autumn-winter 2021, with a higher prevalence and with the almost only circulation of A2c111dup. G and SH proteins were the most variable, and 70% of F protein was under negative selection. Mutation rate of HMPV genome was 6.95 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year.
HMPV showed a significant morbidity until the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020, not circulating again until summer and autumn 2021, with a higher prevalence and with almost the only circulation of A2c111dup, probably due to a more efficient immune evasion mechanism. The F protein showed a very conserved nature, supporting the need for steric shielding. The tMRCA showed a recent emergence of the A2c variants carrying duplications, supporting the importance of virological surveillance.
Scope
Due to the low bioavailability of resveratrol, determining whether its metabolites exert any beneficial effect is an interesting issue.
Methods and results
3T3‐L1 maturing pre‐adipocytes were ...treated from day 0 to day 8 of differentiation and mature adipocytes for 24 h on day 12 with 1, 10, or 25 μM of resveratrol or its metabolites. Triacylglycerols were assessed by spectrophotometry and gene expression by real time RT‐PCR. Resveratrol, trans‐resveratrol‐4′‐O‐glucuronide and trans‐resveratrol‐3‐O‐sulfate reduced triacylglycerol content in maturing pre‐adipocytes at 25 μM. In mature adipocytes, both resveratrol and its glucuronide metabolites, though not sulfate metabolite, reduced triacylglycerol content, although resveratrol was more effective than them. Resveratrol and the three metabolites reduced C/EBPβ mRNA levels. Trans‐resveratrol‐3‐O‐sulfate also reduced C/EBP‐α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPAR‐γ), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression. In mature adipocytes, resveratrol increased ATGL, CPT‐1, deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT‐1), and PGC1‐α expression. Trans‐resveratrol‐3‐O‐glucuronide reduced mRNA levels of FASN and increased those of SIRT‐1. Trans‐resveratrol‐4′‐O‐glucuronide increased HSL and SIRT‐1 mRNA levels. Trans‐resveratrol‐3‐O‐sulfate did not change gene expression.
Conclusion
The present study shows for the first time the delipidating effect of (i) resveratrol metabolites in maturing pre‐adipocytes and (ii) glucuronide metabolites in mature adipocytes. This suggests that both resveratrol and resveratrol metabolites may be involved in the anti‐obesity effect of this polyphenol.
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