Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is the most rapidly growing waste stream in the world, and in developing countries, the majority of the residues are disposed of in the open. Polymers ...and printed circuit boards (PCB) compose the major portion of WEEE. Motivated by this important problem, this review describes the contributions of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique to the chemical inspection of polymers and PCB from WEEE. Several aspects of this technique have been reported, such as the application of chemometric tools, data mining, data treatment and manipulation. We also present an emission-line library for the identification of the polymers in WEEE. Additionally, we highlight the work of many LIBS researchers who have developed, adapted, and improved the WEEE analysis methods.
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•Electronic waste chemical inspection using LIBS technique.•Chemometrics applications combining LIBS data and WEEE.•Emission lines library for polymers identification in WEEE.•Data mining and processing with chemometric strategies.•Calibration using direct solid samples analysis after data normalization.
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the world's fastest-growing class of waste. WEEE contain a large amount of precious materials that have aroused the interest to develop new ...recycling technologies. Hence, effective recycling strategies are extremely necessary to promote the proper handling of these materials as well as for environmentally sound recovery of secondary raw resource. This paper reviews important existing methods and emerging technologies in WEEE management, with special emphasis in characterization, extraction and reclamation of precious materials from waste computer and mobile phones. Traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies still play a central role in the recovery of metals. More recently, emerging greener recycling technologies using microorganisms (i.e. biometallurgical), plasma arc fusion method and pretreatments (i.e. ultrasound and mechanochemical technologies) combined with other recycling methods (e.g. hydrometallurgical), and using less toxic solvents such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have also been attempted to recycle metals from computer and mobile phone scrap. The role of analytical method development, especially using spectroanalytical methods for chemical inspection and e-waste sorting process at industrial applications is also discussed. This confirmed that most direct sampling techniques such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XFR) have several advantages over traditional sorting methods including rapid analytical response, without use of chemical reagents or waste generation, and greater reclamation of precious and critical materials in the WEEE stream.
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•Electronics wastes are rich in secondary raw materials including valuable metals.•Traditional and emerging technologies for the reclamation of metals were discussed.•Spectrometric methods offer direct and rapid sensing of valuable materials in WEEE.•Best recycling management strategies may be achieved using automated systems.
In recent decades, direct solid sample analysis has been reported in the literature as an alternative to traditional methods of sample preparation, becoming well established in the atomic ...spectrometry field. Therefore, this review discusses recent advances in different techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal vaporization, laser ablation, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, glow discharge optical emission and mass spectrometry and arc/spark optical emission spectrometry, which are the most commonly used techniques for solid sample analysis. New possibilities such as nonmetal detection through molecular emission or absorption signals, speciation analysis, portable instrumentation for
in situ
analysis, and surface elemental mapping for obtaining chemical imaging will be discussed. Aspects associated with advantages and limitations are presented, relating the main instrumental advances to the expansion of the methods developed in this subject, pointing out the potential ability to overcome spectral interference and matrix effects through the development of calibration strategies to achieve the success of solid sampling in several application areas.
In recent decades, direct solid sample analysis has been reported in the literature as an alternative to traditional methods of sample preparation, becoming well established in the atomic spectrometry field.
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•LIBS as a tool for industrial process control.•Direct solid sample inspection of WEEE using LIBS.•Chemometrics application combining LIBS data and WEEE.•Evaluation and optimization ...of industrial processes using chemometric tools.
Many studies in the literature show that waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is increasing significantly worldwide, so new management methods and technologies for recycling this waste are needed. Similar to the need for new methods and technologies for recycling WEEE, there is a concern about the development of new methods of analysis with the concepts of green chemistry to control chemical processes. Motivated by these important problems, this study had as its main goal the development of an alternative analytical method for the control of a hydrometallurgical Cu recovery process in discarded printed circuit boards using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The results presented in this work show that LIBS can be used as an alternative technique to control the Cu leaching process. Presenting the advantage of requiring a relatively less complex sample preparation compared to other analytical techniques for determining metals and without the consumption of critical reagents, such as acids and bases.
Resumo Fundamento: A reperfusão miocárdica é parte fundamental do tratamento para infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST) e é responsável por reduzir morbimortalidade no ...paciente acometido. No entanto, as taxas de reperfusão são geralmente mais baixas e as taxas de mortalidade mais altas em mulheres que em homens. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência do uso de terapias de reperfusão em mulheres e homens com IAMCSST nos hospitais com capacidade para realizar intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) no estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal que utilizou dados do Registro VICTIM. Foram avaliados pacientes com diagnóstico de IAMCSST admitidos nos quatro hospitais com capacidade para realizar ICP no estado de Sergipe, sendo um público e três privados, no período de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2018. Foi aplicada análise multivariada com modelo ajustado utilizando mortalidade como variável dependente. Em todas as análises, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram incluídos 878 voluntários com diagnóstico confirmado de IAMCSST, dos quais 33,4% eram mulheres. Apenas 53,3% dos pacientes foram submetidos à reperfusão miocárdica (134 mulheres versus 334 homens). A fibrinólise foi realizada somente em 2,3% de todos os pacientes (1,7% das mulheres versus 2,6% dos homens; p=0,422). Nas mulheres, a taxa de ICP primária foi menor (44% versus 54,5%; p=0,003) e a mortalidade hospitalar foi maior (16,1% versus 6,7%; p<0,001) que nos homens. Conclusão: As mulheres apresentam taxas significativamente menores de ICP primária e significativamente maiores de mortalidade hospitalar que os homens. A taxa de reperfusão em ambos os gêneros foi baixa e houve nítida subutilização de agentes trombolíticos.
Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever aspectos éticos e a aplicação das diretivas antecipadas de vontade ao direito brasileiro. Tratou-se de revisão integrativa baseada em 23 de 47 artigos ...elegíveis, selecionados após leitura e análise de trabalhos localizados nas bases de dados Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Lilacs e Google Acadêmico. A busca foi realizada utilizando combinação dos descritores “diretivas antecipadas”, “doente terminal”, “testamento vital”, “ética”, “aspectos éticos”, “aspectos legais” e “direito brasileiro”, além dos termos correspondentes em inglês. Embora tenham por finalidade assegurar o respeito à autonomia e à autodeterminação do paciente, as diretivas antecipadas de vontade causam controvérsias em razão de implicações éticas, jurídicas e religiosas. Há dilemas morais e jurídicos relacionados com a possibilidade de o doente dispor de seu corpo e de sua vida, ainda que em situação de intenso sofrimento e perda de bem-estar e qualidade de vida pela terminalidade de vida. A admissibilidade desse instituto jurídico no cenário brasileiro é necessária tanto pelo imperativo de adequação e harmonia internacional quanto pelo estado da arte da ciência médica e de aspectos da morte digna como novo parâmetro ético.
Introduction
In Brazil, the Unified Health System (SUS) controls and oversees public health care, and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) is its primary access, with 60% of the population registered in ...it. The surveillance of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is the responsibility of the FHS. In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) proposed the evaluation of seven metrics (smoking, Body Mass Index (BMI), physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose) with an aim to monitoring cardiovascular health (CVH). However, the results of the FHS regarding the CVH of the Brazilian population are unascertained.
Objective
Evaluate the control of CVH among adult patients treated by the FHS in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
Material and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using the seven metrics recommended by the AHA to evaluate CVH among patients treated by the FHS. The city of Aracaju has a population of 571,149 inhabitants, with 394,267 > 20 years of age; therefore, it was admitted that in a simple random sample, sampling error of 5% with 95% CI, 329 individuals would be needed.
Results
Among 400 patients, only 32.5% had controlled CVH. In a univariate analysis, the adjusted multivariate analysis found that being female (aOR: 2.07 IC: 1.20 to 3.60
p
: 0.006) under 45 years old (aOR: 1.61 IC: 1.15 to 2.28
p
: 0.006) and with the habit of following health advice from family members and neighbors (aOR: 1.28 IC: 1.15 to 2.28
p
: 0.040) were associated with control of CVH. On the other hand, those ones who had a greater number of children (aOR: 0.91 IC: 0.84 to 0.95
p
: 0.020) were associated with less control of CVH.
Conclusions
The study showed that only 32.5% of patients have controlled CVH. Being a woman, young and following health advice from family members and neighbors have a positive influence in controlling CVH. More children reduced controlling these metrics.
The progression of chronic kidney disease can directly affect patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Exercise training is a good option to reverse the impacts caused by the disease. To ...escape from the monotonous routine and stimulate further practice, the therapist should consider making physical activity more playful. Using videogames during exercise training is possible to rehabilitate the patient aiming for fun beyond the organic condition. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise training combined with Virtual Reality (VR) in functionality and HRQoL of patients on hemodialysis.
A randomized controlled study in which control group (
= 20) maintained only hemodialysis without any physical effort or intervention from the researchers and intervention group (
= 20) who performed endurance and strength physical exercises in combination with VR during hemodialysis for 12 weeks. All eligible patients underwent a familiarization of games and were evaluated by an investigator-blind for functional capacity, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Functional capacity tests included walking speed, timed up and go (TUG), and Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). To evaluate a HRQoL, Kidney Disease and Quality-of-Life Short-Form (KDQOL-SF™, v. 1.3) was used and to investigate depressive symptoms, the Center for Epidemiological Scale-Depression. Paired sample
-tests were conducted to determine differences within each group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (group vs. time) was used to assess group differences in our major outcomes. The level of significance was 5%.
The exercise improved functional capacity (TUG:
= 0.002, DASI:
< 0.001) and HRQoL in physical and specific domains:
(
= 0.047),
(
= 0.021), as well as in physical composite summary (
< 0.001) and
(
= 0.013). There was no influence on depressive symptoms (
= 0.154).
Physical training combined with VR improved functional capacity and some quality-of-life domains of hemodialysis patients.
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