The article analyzes the official and political biographies of prominent dignitaries and military leaders of Poland, including K.F. Drutsky-Lyubetsky, S.F. Grabovsky, V.I. Krasinsky, S.A. Zamoysky, ...A.A. Rozhnetsky, and I.L. Turkul, who became members of the Imperial Council of State after the Polish Uprising of 1830–1831, and studies domestic and foreign policy aspects of the problem of incorporation of representatives of the Polish administrative elite into supreme legislative institutions of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to study the transformation of the policy towards the Kingdom of Poland from constitutionalism and autonomy under Alexander I to the system of absolute monarchical government and bureaucratic centralization in the reign of Nicholas I in the context of the participation of Poles in the activities of the Council of State and of its departments and committees. In this regard, special attention is paid to the study of the mechanisms for formalizing the Russification program of autocratic power aimed at establishing a new status of the Kingdom of Poland and a new model of its administration developed by the Committee of Affairs for the Kingdom of Poland and by the Department for Affairs of the Kingdom under the Polish Council of State, determined the role of these Polish statesmen in their activities, primarily in the creation of the Organic Statute on February 14, 1832, and of specific legislative acts that determined the administrative, socio-economic, and financial integration of Polish lands into the empire. The article identifies the socio-political reasons for the failure of Nicholas I to use the “Polish potential” for solving imperial problems. It is demonstrated that the contradictions that existed between the government program aimed at abolishing the state-legal and financial autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland and the ideological setting of the dignitaries who considered it most important to preserve the Polish national identity and independence that underlaid their unwillingness to participate in the legislative activities of the imperial Council of State.
The authors study the corrosion of low-carbon steel in solutions of H
2
SO
4
containing Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
with and without additives of individual and mixed corrosion inhibitors. It is established that ...the oxidizing capacity of the given system (in which the reactions between iron, an acid solution, and Fe(III) salts are thermodynamically allowed), characterized by the redox potential of an Fe(III)/Fe(II) pair, is largely determined by its anionic composition: sulfate anions of a corrosive medium bind Fe(III) cations into complex compounds, reducing their oxidizing ability. Partial reactions of the anodic ionization of iron and the cathodic reduction of H
+
and Fe(III) cations are revealed in analyzing the effect convection of the medium has on the electrode reactions of low-carbon steel. The first two reactions are characterized by kinetic control; the third, by diffusion. It is shown that the accelerating effect Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
has on the corrosion of steel in a solution with H
2
SO
4
is mainly due to the reduction of Fe(III). In contrast, the accelerating action of Fe(III) cations affects all partial reactions of steel in an inhibited acid. There is a large drop in the apparent coefficient of diffusion of Fe(III) cations (
D
Fe(III)
) in inhibited solutions, relative to an uninhibited medium. Data on the corrosion of low-carbon steel in the given media, obtained from the mass loss of metal samples, are in full agreement with results from studying partial electrode reactions. Consideration is given to the accelerating effect Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
has on the corrosion of steel in solutions of H
2
SO
4
with and without inhibitors. In these environments, the corrosion of steel is determined by the convective factor, which is typical of processes with diffusion control. The empirical dependence of the rate of steel corrosion on the intensity of the medium’s flow is described by linear dependence
k
=
k
st
+ λ
w
1/2
, where
k
st
is the rate of the corrosion of steel in a static environment,
w
is the rotational speed of the propeller agitator creating the flow of the medium, and λ is an empirical coefficient.
Corrosion of low-carbon steel St3 in 2 M H
2
SO
4
containing Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
was studied by measuring mass loss of the metal samples and using voltammetric measurements on a rotating disk electrode. ...Corrosion of steel in this medium involves anodic ionization of steel proceeding in the kinetic region and two cathodic partial reactions: hydrogen evolution and reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) cations characterized by kinetic and diffusion control, respectively. The potentiometric data measured on a platinum electrode in 2 M H
2
SO
4
containing Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
and FeSO
4
made it possible to establish that Fe(III) cations are bound in complexes with sulfate anions in these media. The oxidizing ability of a corrosive medium, characterized by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox pair potential, depends on the Fe(III) content in it and is well described by the Nernst equation. The diffusion coefficients of Fe(III) cations were determined by cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode in 2 M H
2
SO
4
in the presence of Fe(III) and by evaluating the response of the cathodic current of a steel electrode to the convective factor in the same medium. The apparent diffusion coefficient of Fe(III) cations measured on a steel electrode in inhibited media may be significantly lower than that in uninhibited media because the penetration of Fe(III) cation through the protective layer of inhibitor to the metal surface is hindered. The weak inhibition of corrosion of low-carbon steel in H
2
SO
4
solutions containing Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
by the composite inhibitors under study is the result of the accelerating action of Fe(III) cations on three partial electrode reactions on the metal surface: reduction of Fe(III) and H
+
characterized by diffusion and kinetic control and anodic ionization of iron.
Classical particle drifts are known to have substantial impacts on fluxes of particles and heat through the edge plasmas in both tokamaks and stellarators. Here we present results from the first ...dedicated investigation of drift effects in the W7-X stellarator. By comparing similar plasma discharges conducted with a forward- and reverse-directed magnetic field, the impacts of drifts could be isolated through the observation of up-down asymmetries in flux profiles on the divertor targets. In low-density plasmas, the radial locations of the strike lines (i.e. peaks in the target heat flux profiles) exhibited discrepancies of up to 3 cm that reversed upon magnetic field reversal. In addition, asymmetric heat loads were observed in regions of the target that are shadowed by other targets from parallel flux from the core plasma. A comparison of these asymmetric features with the footprints of key topological regions of the edge magnetic field on the divertor suggests that the main driver of the asymmetries at low density is poloidal E × B drift due to radial electric fields in the scrape-off layer and private flux region. In higher-density plasmas, upper and lower targets collected non-ambipolar currents with opposite signs that also inverted upon field reversal. Overall, in these experiments, almost all up-down asymmetry could be attributed to the field reversal and, therefore, field-dependent drifts.
A method of eliminating gaps between heat bonded glass plates has been developed using a system for distributing mechanical load. The proposed method was investigated theoretically and ...experimentally. The results of numerical and full-scale model experiments confirming the efficacy of the proposed method are presented.
Corrosion of low-carbon steel corrosion in 2.0 M H
2
SO
4
and 2.0 M H
3
PO
4
containing Fe(III) salts is studied using the mass loss of metal specimens and voltammetric measurements on a rotating ...disk electrode. It is established that during steel corrosion in mineral acid solutions containing Fe(III) salts, the anodic ionization of metallic iron proceeds in the kinetic region. The cathodic reaction combines the parallel and independent processes of the kinetically controlled hydrogen evolution and the diffusion-controlled reduction of Fe(III) cations to Fe(II). The potentiometry and cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode in acid solutions containing Fe(III) salts shows that Fe(III) cations in these media are bound into complexes with acid anions. The stronger the complexes formed by Fe(III) cations, the lower their oxidation potential and diffusion coefficient. The drop in the diffusion coefficient of Fe(III) cations in mineral acid solutions affects the rate of their diffusion-controlled reduction on steel. Introducing FePO
4
into a H
3
PO
4
solution accelerates corrosion of low-carbon steel less than an equimolar Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
additive in a H
2
SO
4
solution. The effect is a result of the lower diffusion coefficient of Fe(III) cations in a H
3
PO
4
solution, relative to a H
2
SO
4
solution.
Potentiometry and voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode are used to study the corrosion of St3 low-carbon steel in 1 M HCl containing dissolved molecular oxygen from the mass loss of metal ...samples in a static and dynamic aggressive environment. It is shown that molecular oxygen in the acid solution and the transition from the static to dynamic state of an aggressive medium accelerates the corrosion of steel. The corrosion of steel in this environment includes the anodic ionization of steel in the kinetic region and two partial cathodic reactions: the evolution of hydrogen and the reduction of dissolved molecular oxygen, characterized by kinetic and diffusion controls, respectively. Modeling the effect the hydrodynamic mode of the motion of a corrosive medium has on the rate of the cathodic reduction of molecular O
2
on low-carbon steel using the Levich equation and comparing the results to experimental data suggests with high probability that in the flow of a corrosive medium it mainly proceeds according to the scheme O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e = H
2
O
2
. The values of the true kinetic currents of the cathodic reaction are estimated for a steel disk electrode in 1 M HCl that is freely aerated with air and forcibly aerated with gaseous O
2
. The effective coefficient of diffusion of dissolved molecular O
2
in 1 M HCl is established.
An increase in the life expectancy during the last decades in most world countries has resulted in the growing number of people suffering from neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s ...disease, Parkinson’s disease, fron-totemporal dementia, and others. Familial forms of neurodegenerative diseases account for 5–10% of all cases and are caused by mutations in specific genes often resulting in pathological protein deposition. The risk factors for neurodegeneration include trauma, lifestyle, and allelic variants of disease-associated genes with incomplete penetrance. Many of these gene variants are located in immunity-related loci, particularly in the human leukocyte antigen locus (HLA class II) coding for proteins of the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). HLA class II plays a key role in the antigen presentation and is expressed in microglial cells. Microglia is a component of innate immunity. On the one hand, microglial cells phagocytize pathological protein deposits; on the other hand, they produce proinflammatory factors accelerating neuronal death. The involvement of adaptive immunity mechanisms (antigen presentation, T cell response, antibody production) in the development of neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear and requires further research, including more detailed studies of the role of identified HLA class II genetic variants.
Certain cellular proteins normally soluble in the living organism under certain conditions form aggregates with a specific cross-β sheet structure called amyloid. These intraor extracellular ...insoluble aggregates (fibers or plaques) are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, prion disease, and other progressive neurological diseases that develop in the aging human central nervous system. Amyloid diseases (amyloidoses) are widespread in the elderly human population, a rapidly expanding demographic in many global populations. Increasing age is the most significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases associated with amyloid plaques. To date, nearly three dozen different misfolded proteins targeting brain and other organs have been identified in amyloid diseases and AD, the most prevalent neurodegenerative amyloid disease affecting over 15 million people worldwide. Here we (i) highlight the latest data on mechanisms of amyloid formation and further discuss a hypothesis on the amyloid cascade as a primary mechanism of AD pathogenesis and (ii) review the evolutionary aspects of amyloidosis, which allow new insight on human-specific mechanisms of dementia development.
Summary
Mutations in lipase H (LIPH) and lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6), which are essential for the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling pathway, are associated with hypotrichosis and ...wooly hair in humans. Mutations in LPAR6 and keratin 71 (KRT71), result in unusual fur growth and hair structure in several cat breeds (Cornish Rex, Devon Rex and Selkirk Rex). Here, we performed target sequencing of the LIPH, LPAR6 and KRT71 genes in six cat breeds with specific hair‐growth phenotypes. A LIPH genetic variant (LIPH:c.478_483del; LIPH:p.Ser160_Gly161del) was found in Ural Rex cats with curly coats from Russia, but was absent in all other cat breeds tested. In silico three‐dimensional analysis of the LIPH mutant protein revealed a contraction of the α3‐helix structure in the enzyme phospholipid binding site that may affect its activity.
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