Within the last decade, childhood obesity has become a serious problem, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research paper aimed to examine whether body mass index (BMI) was higher during ...the pandemic (2020-2022) than in the pre-pandemic period (2012/2013-2019) using trends related to sex, urban-rural area, and physical activity (PA). This study included data from physical examinations of an entire population of primary school children from Split-Dalmatia County (Croatia) over a period of 10 years. There were 103,804 students from the first, fifth, and eighth grades who participated in the analysis. During the pandemic, the BMI of all the students increased, except for eighth-grade girls. Generations of eighth graders have had significantly different BMIs throughout the past decade. We found that first graders were overweight and obese in urban areas, while in rural areas, this problem was experienced by upper grades. Girls were more overweight and obese in the first and eighth grades, but boys experienced this more in the fifth grade. Reduced PA influenced an increase in BMI in both sexes, especially in girls. During the pandemic, this situation became worse. This study could be useful to experts for the creation of new policies for Split-Dalmatia County and surrounding regions that are similar economically and culturally.
Uzorak je činio 121 ispitanik iz petih i šestih razreda osnovnih škola grada Zadra. Provedeno je istraživanje kako bi se utvrdile razlike između učenika koji, osim tjelesnog i zdravstvenog odgoja ...pohađaju i neki drugi oblik izvannastavne sportske aktivnosti. Provođenjem deskriptivne analize dobili smo rezultate koji nam pokazuju da su muški učenici koji se bave izvannastavnom aktivnošću postigli 21,28% bolje prosječne rezultate od ispitanika koji se ne bave izvannastavnim aktivnostima. Ispitanice uključene u izvannastavne aktivnosti su postigle 9,16% bolje rezultate od ispitanica koje se nisu bavile izvannastavnim aktivnostima (bolji rezultati u testu za procjenu funkcionalne sposobnosti (F6 test)). Korištenjem t-testa otkrili smo da su empirijske razine značajnosti statistički značajne (p = 0,000) za sve ispitanike kod oba spola u funkcionalnim sposobnostima (F6 test). Autori mogu tvrditi da učenici koji pohađaju neke oblike izvannastavnih sportskih aktivnosti imaju bolji rezultat u varijabi F6. Izvođenjem regresijske analize autori ne mogu predvidjeti rezultat u F6 testu na temelju antropometrijskih karakteristika tjelesne visine (TV) i tjelesne težine (TT). Broj nastavnih sati i trajanje sata tjelesnog odgoja u osnovnoj školi nije dovoljan za razvoj funkcionalne sposobnosti. Da bi poboljšali funkcionalne sposobnosti učenika, svaki bi ih učitelj trebao potaknuti da pohađaju neke dodatne oblike izvannastavnih sportskih aktivnosti u vidu poboljšanja cjelokupnog antropološkog statusa. Niže funkcionalne sposobnosti imaju posljedice i veći rizik od raznih bolesti. Stoga ne postoji aktivnost poput sportskog treninga kako bi se spriječili potencijalni problemi.
The sample consisted of 121 respondents from fifth and sixth-grade elementary schools from the City of Zadar. A research was conducted to determine the differences between students who, in addition ...to physical education and health education, also attend some other form of extracurricular sports activity. By conducting a descriptive analysis, we obtained results that show us that male students engaged in extracurricular activity achieved 21.28% better average results than respondents who do not engage in extracurricular activities. Female respondents engaged in extracurricular activities achieved 9.16% better results than respondents who did not engage in extracurricular activities (better scores in the test to assess functional ability (F6 test)). Using the t-test, we found that empirical levels of significance were statistically significant (p = 0.000) for all respondents in both sexes in functional abilities (F6 test). The authors can claim that students attending some forms of extracurricular sports activity have a better score in the variable F6. By performing regression analysis, authors cannot predict the result in the F6 test based on anthropometric characteristics of body height (TV) and body weight (TT). To improve the functional abilities of students, each teacher should encourage them to attend some additional forms of extracurricular sports activities in the form of improving the overall anthropological status.
The research conducted is focused on status and prospects of women’s football in the city of Zadar and Zadar County. Since football is the most famous sport in the world, and thus also in the ...mentioned area, it transcends the category of sport. The concept of sport is not unambiguous and it has no unique generally accepted definition. The aim of the research was to determine the satisfaction of the respondents with the status and popularity of women’s football in the city of Zadar and Zadar County.The research used a method of survey and a suitable questionnaire in order to investigate satisfaction of respondents with social status of women’s football in the city of Zadar and Zadar County. The respondents included 78 sports employees, coaches and players of women’s football from the city of Zadar and Zadar County area. The aim of this research is to establish the level of satisfaction of the respondents with social status of women’s football and the level of its popularity growth in the city of Zadar and Zadar County. Moreover, the aim is also to establish the level of socialization of such population achieved by participating in women’s football. According to this research it is possible to confirm the hypothesis that participants are not completely satisfied with social status and the popularity growth of women’s football in the city of Zadar and Zadar County and that the level of socialization is improved by participating in such activity.
Peripheral nerves in athletes are susceptible to injury due to an increase in physiological requirements in the training process to neurological structures and to the soft tissues that protect them. ...The training process is conditioned by the rank and level of competition and its implementation largely depends on the education of professional staff. Common mechanisms of injury are pressure, sprain, strain, ischemia, and sports injury. Seddon's original system of dividing nerve injuries based on neurophysiological changes is most widely used in medicine. The initial stage of nerve injury is neuropraxia, the second stage is axonal degeneration, and the third stage is nerve cutting. Peripheral nerve injuries are more common in the upper extremities than in the lower extremities. They have specifics related to a particular sport, in this case, football and basketball, and often have a biomechanical component in the making. Early detection allows an appropriate rehabilitation program to be initiated and biomechanics changed before the nerve injury becomes permanent. Recognizing nerve injury requires an understanding of peripheral neuroanatomy, knowledge of common nerve injury sites, and awareness
of the types of peripheral nerve injuries that are common and specific to a particular sport. Rehabilitation programs in the field of kinesiology can be read through FMS protocols. Electrodiagnostic tests (electromyography), somatosensory evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound are used to diagnose peripheral nerve injuries. Proximal peripheral nerve injuries have a slightly poorer prognosis in terms of neurological recovery in athletes. The survey determined the frequency of injuries in the subjects and that there is a misunderstanding among the athletes themselves, which is a peripheral nerve injury. The survey also found that peripheral nerve injuries occur due to acute injuries, while chronic injuries are excessive, resulting in damage to muscles and joints, and rarely as a result of inappropriate sports equipment. Athletes' knowledge of what constitutes a peripheral nerve injury itself and how this type of injury should be given more importance in further general prevention has also been established.
Training planning and programming make up a very complex process, especially planning and programming during the competition period. The women’s soccer competition lasts a total of five to six months ...and is divided into two subseasons.
The competition period is a mesocycle period that is made up of multiple microcycles. During this period, intensive training work is carried out for the football players to reach the highest level of their abilities. Coaches need to know how to manage their sports form for football players to be most ready for the most important phase of the competition. In order to maintain it, it is necessary to conduct training of specific and situational fitness exercises that connect the functional, motor, and technical-tactical goals. The intensity of such training should be very high (80-100%). The share of fitness training in the competition period should be around 30%, and studies have shown that 1-2 stimuli per week are required to maintain fitness abilities, provided the intensity is high. The seven-day microcycle consists of 5 individual training sessions, matches, and rest days. The footballers play 20-25 games of different difficulty and importance during the season. The schedule of these matches determines the dynamics of the load, which means that if the match is important in the microcycle, the lower energy component of the load is applied and vice versa. Coaches and professional staff should be continuously educated in the form of planning and programming sports training, to acquire new knowledge about sports form management in all periods, phases, and conditions during the season, with special emphasis on the competition period.
Planiranje i programiranje treninga čine vrlo složen proces, a posebno planiranje i programiranje tijekom natjecateljskog perioda. Natjecanje u ženskom nogometu traje sveukupno pet do šest mjeseci i ...podjeljeno je u dvije podsezone. Natjecateljski period je period mezociklusa koji je sačinjen od više mikrociklusa. U tom periodu ostvaruje se intenzivan trenažni rad kako bi nogometašice došle do najveće razine svojih sposobnosti. Treneri trebaju znati upravljati sportskom formom s ciljem da nogometašice najspremnije dočekaju najvažniju fazu natjecanja. Da bi se ista održala potrebno je provoditi treninge specifičnih i situacijskih kondicijskih vježbi koje povezuju funkcionalne, motoričke i tehničkotaktičke ciljeve. Intenzitet ovakvih treninga bi trebao biti vrlo visok (80-100%). Udio kondicijskog treninga u natjecateljskom periodu trebao bi iznositi oko 30%, a studije su pokazale da su za održavanje kondicijskih sposobnosti potrebna 1-2 podražaja tjedno, pod uvjetom da je intenzitet visok. Sedmodnevni mikrociklus se sastoji od 5 pojedinačnih treninga, utakmice i dana za odmor. Nogometašice tijekom sezone odigravaju 20-25 utakmica različite težine i važnosti. Raspored tih utakmica određuje dinamiku opterećenja, što znači ako je u mikrociklusu važna utakmica, primjenjuje se niža energetska komponenta opterećenja te obrnuto. Treneri i stručno osoblje bi se trebali kontinuirano educirati u vidu planiranja i programiranja sportskog treninga, kako bi stekli nova znanja o upravljanju sportskom formom u svim periodima, fazama i uvjetima tijekom sezone, a s posebnim naglaskom na natjecateljskom period.
PDF
