We present an analysis of , O iii88, N ii122, and far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure line observations obtained with Herschel/PACS, for ∼240 local luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the Great ...Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey. We find pronounced declines ("deficits") of line-to-FIR continuum emission for N ii122, , and as a function of FIR color and infrared luminosity surface density, . The median electron density of the ionized gas in LIRGs, based on the N ii122/N ii205 ratio, is = 41 cm−3. We find that the dispersion in the deficit of LIRGs is attributed to a varying fractional contribution of photodissociation regions (PDRs) to the observed emission, f( ) = / , which increases from ∼60% to ∼95% in the warmest LIRGs. The / ratio is tightly correlated with the PDR gas kinetic temperature in sources where is not optically thick or self-absorbed. For each galaxy, we derive the average PDR hydrogen density, , and intensity of the interstellar radiation field, G, in units of and find G/ ratios of ∼0.1-50 cm3, with ULIRGs populating the upper end of the distribution. There is a relation between G/ and , showing a critical break at 5 × 1010 L kpc−2. Below , G/ remains constant, 0.32 cm3, and variations in are driven by the number density of star-forming regions within a galaxy, with no change in their PDR properties. Above , G/ increases rapidly with , signaling a departure from the typical PDR conditions found in normal star-forming galaxies toward more intense/harder radiation fields and compact geometries typical of starbursting sources.
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second commonest cause of dementia. Stroke is the leading cause of disability in adults in developed countries, the second major cause of dementia and the third ...commonest cause of death. Traditional vascular risk factors-diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and smoking-are implicated as risk factors for VaD. The associations between cholesterol and small vessel disease (SVD), stroke, cognitive impairment and subsequent dementia are complex and as yet not fully understood. Similarly, the effects of lipids and lipid-lowering therapy on preventing or treating dementia remain unclear; the few trials that have assessed lipid-lowering therapy for preventing (two trials) or treating (four trials) dementia found no evidence to support the use of lipid-lowering therapy for these indications. It is appropriate to treat those patients with vascular risk factors that meet criteria for lipid-lowering therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and in line with current guidelines. Managing the individual patient in a holistic manner according to his or her own vascular risk profile is recommended. Although the paucity of randomized controlled evidence makes for challenging clinical decision making, it provides multiple opportunities for on-going and future research, as discussed here.
The Stephan's Quintet (hereafter SQ) is a template source to study the impact of galaxies interaction on the physical state and energetics of their gas. We report on IRAM single-dish CO observations ...of the SQ compact group of galaxies. These observations follow up the Spitzer discovery of bright mid-IR H sub(2) rotational line emission (L(H sub(2)) approx = 10 super(35) W) from warm (10 super(2-3) K) molecular gas, associated with a 30 kpc long shock between a galaxy, NGC 7318b, and NGC 7319's tidal arm. We detect CO(1-0), (2-1) and (3-2) line emission in the inter-galactic medium (IGM) with complex profiles, spanning a velocity range of approx =1000 km s super(-1). The spectra exhibit the pre-shock recession velocities of the two colliding gas systems (5700 and 6700 km s super(-1)), but also intermediate velocities. This shows that much of the molecular gas has formed out of diffuse gas accelerated by the galaxy-tidal arm collision. CO emission is also detected in a bridge feature that connects the shock to the Seyfert member of the group, NGC 7319, and in the northern star forming region, SQ-A, where a new velocity component is identified at 6900 km s super(-1), in addition to the two velocity components already known. Assuming a Galactic CO(1-0) emission to H sub(2) mass conversion factor, a total H sub(2) mass of approx =5 x 10 super(9) M sub(middot in circle) is detected in the shock. The ratio between the warm H sub(2) mass derived from Spitzer spectroscopy, and the H sub(2) mass derived from CO fluxes is approx =0.3 in the IGM of SQ, which is 10--100 times higher than in star-forming galaxies. The molecular gas carries a large fraction of the gas kinetic energy involved in the collision, meaning that this energy has not been thermalized yet. The kinetic energy of the H sub(2) gas derived from CO observations is comparable to that of the warm H sub(2) gas from Spitzer spectroscopy, and a factor approx =5 greater than the thermal energy of the hot plasma heated by the collision. In the shock and bridge regions, the ratio of the PAH-to-CO surface luminosities, commonly used to measure the star formation efficiency of the H sub(2) gas, is lower (up to a factor 75) than the observed values in star-forming galaxies. We suggest that turbulence fed by the galaxy-tidal arm collision maintains a high heating rate within the H sub(2) gas. This interpretation implies that the velocity dispersion on the scale of giant molecular clouds in SQ is one order of magnitude larger than the Galactic value. The high amplitude of turbulence may explain why this gas is not forming stars efficiently.
Abstract We combine James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope imaging with Atacama Large Millimeter Array CO(2–1) spectroscopy to study the highly turbulent multiphase ...intergalactic medium (IGM) in Stephan’s Quintet on 25–150 pc scales. Previous Spitzer observations revealed luminous H 2 line cooling across a 45 kpc-long filament, created by a giant shock wave, following the collision with an intruder galaxy, NGC 7318b. We demonstrate that the Mid-Infrared Instrument/F1000W/F770W filters are dominated by 0–0 S(3) H 2 and a combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and 0–0 S(5) H 2 emission. These observations reveal the dissipation of kinetic energy as massive clouds experience collisions, interactions, and likely destruction/recycling within different phases of the IGM. In 1 kpc-scaled structure, warm H 2 was seen to form a triangular-shaped head and tail of compressed and stripped gas behind a narrow shell of cold H 2 . In another region, two cold molecular clumps with very different velocities are connected by an arrow-shaped stream of warm, probably shocked, H 2 suggesting a cloud–cloud collision is occurring. In both regions, a high warm-to-cold molecular gas fraction indicates that the cold clouds are being disrupted and converted into warm gas. We also map gas associated with an apparently forming dwarf galaxy. We suggest that the primary mechanism for exciting strong mid-IR H 2 lines throughout Stephan’s Quintet is through a fog of warm gas created by the shattering of denser cold molecular clouds and mixing/recycling in the post-shocked gas. A full picture of the diverse kinematics and excitation of the warm H 2 will require future JWST mid-IR spectroscopy. The current observations reveal the rich variety of ways that different gas phases can interact with one another.
Observations of ionized and neutral gas outflows in radio galaxies (RGs) suggest that active galactic nucleus (AGN) radio jet feedback has a galaxy-scale impact on the host interstellar medium, but ...it is still unclear how the molecular gas is affected. Thus, it is crucial to determine the physical conditions of the molecular gas in powerful RGs to understand how radio sources may regulate the star formation in their host galaxies. We present deep Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) high-resolution spectroscopy of eight nearby RGs that show fast H I outflows. Strikingly, all of these H I-outflow RGs have bright H sub(2) mid-IR lines that cannot be accounted for by UV or X-ray heating. This strongly suggests that the radio jet, which drives the H I outflow, is also responsible for the shock excitation of the warm H sub(2) gas. In addition, the warm H sub(2) gas does not share the kinematics of the ionized/neutral gas. The mid-IR-ionized gas lines (with FWHM up to 1250km s super(-1) for NeII 12.8 mu m) are systematically broader than the H sub(2) lines, which are resolved by the IRS in approx =60% of the detected lines (with FWHM up to 900 km s super(-1)). In five sources, 3C 236, 3C 293, 3C 459, 4C 12.50, and PKS 1549-79, the NeII 12.8 mu m line, and to a lesser extent the NeIII 15.5 mu m and Nev 14.3 mu m lines, clearly exhibits blueshifted wings (up to -900 km s super(-1) with respect to the systemic velocity) that match well the kinematics of the outflowing H I or ionized gas. The H sub(2) lines do not show these broad wings, except tentative detections in 4C 12.50, 3C 459, and PKS 1549-79. This shows that, contrary to the H I gas, the H sub(2) gas is inefficiently coupled to the AGN jet-driven outflow of ionized gas. While the dissipation of a small fraction (<10%) of the jet kinetic power can explain the turbulent heating of the molecular gas, our data show that the bulk of the warm molecular gas is not expelled from these galaxies.
New far-infrared and submillimeter photometry from the Herschel Space Observatory is presented for 61 nearby galaxies from the Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: A Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel ...(KINGFISH) sample. The spatially integrated fluxes are largely consistent with expectations based on Spitzer far-infrared photometry and extrapolations to longer wavelengths using popular dust emission models. Dwarf irregular galaxies are notable exceptions, as already noted by other authors, as their 500 mu m emission shows evidence for a submillimeter excess. In addition, the fraction of dust heating attributed to intense radiation fields associated with photodissociation regions is found to be (21 + or - 4)% larger when Herschel data are included in the analysis. Dust masses obtained from the dust emission models of Draine & Li are found to be on average nearly a factor of two higher than those based on single-temperature modified blackbodies, as single blackbody curves do not capture the full range of dust temperatures inherent to any galaxy. The discrepancy is largest for galaxies exhibiting the coolest far-infrared colors.
This review argues that even with the tremendous advances in diagnostic neuroimaging that the clinical skills involved in clinical neurology (ie, history, examination, localisation and differential ...diagnosis) remain key. Yet a number of recent audits suggest that large numbers of patients are failing to be assessed properly with a risk of patient harm, costly, unnecessary or inappropriate investigations, or delayed diagnosis. We review some of the reasons why patients are not being assessed properly neurologically, in part as many doctors have limited neurological exposure and are hence neurophobic. We propose that a solution to these issues centres around ensuring that a core set of basic neurological skills is taught at an undergraduate level, whereas higher level skills, such as the use of heuristics, are taught at postgraduate level.
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