Throughout much of the tropics, human-wildlife conflict impedes local support for national parks. By channelling tourism revenue to local residents, conservationists hope to offset wildlife costs and ...improve local attitudes toward conservation. To date tourism revenue-sharing (TRS) programmes have met mixed success. Local conditions and national policies that shape the success of TRS programmes were identified by comparing the experiences of both implementers and beneficiaries of pilot TRS programmes at three parks in western Uganda. Between 1995 and 1998, communities around these parks used a total of US $83 000 of tourism revenue to build 21 schools, four clinics, one bridge, and one road. In 1996, the Ugandan parliament passed legislation that changed both the amount of money available for TRS and the institutions responsible for sharing the money. The programme was suspended at all three parks while the implementing agency (Uganda Wildlife Authority) struggled to design a programme that complied with the new legislation. TRS funds collected before 1996 were shared through 1998, but since then no revenue has been shared. However, a revised TRS programme is expected to resume in 2001. In semi-structured interviews, both implementers and beneficiaries evaluated local TRS programmes and compared them to other benefit-sharing projects, particularly those promoting sustainable use of non-timber products within park boundaries (n = 44). Both groups of respondents listed revenue-sharing as the most important advantage of living next to a national park. Seventy-two per cent of respondents indicated that they thought TRS had improved attitudes towards the protected areas, and 53% thought TRS was more important then sustainable use of non-timber forest products. Although respondents were generally positive about TRS, in informal discussions respondents repeatedly mentioned four potential obstacles to TRS success, namely poorly defined TRS policies and unsteady implementing institutions, corruption, inadequate funds, and numerous stakeholders with differing priorities. From this survey and literature from experiences in other African countries, there are four key components of successful revenue-sharing programmes: long-term institutional support, appropriate identification of the target community and project type, transparency and accountability, and adequate funding. With firm institutional support and realistic expectations, TRS can play an important role in improving local attitudes towards conservation.
To improve neonatal outcomes in pregnancies at heightened risk for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS), there is a need to identify fetuses that benefit from expectant management as opposed to early ...delivery. Detectable haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein (Hp&HpRP switch-on status) in cord blood has been proposed as a biomarker of antenatal exposure to intra-amniotic infection and/or inflammation (IAI), an important determinant of EONS.
We analyzed 185 singleton newborns delivered secondary to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). In 123 cases, amniocentesis was performed to exclude amniotic fluid (AF) infection. Delivery was indicated for 61 cases with confirmed infection. Women without AF infection (n = 62) and those without amniocentesis (n = 62) were managed expectantly. Interleukin 6 and Hp&HpRP switch-on status were evaluated by ELISA and Western blot. Newborns were followed prospectively for short-term outcomes until hospital discharge or death.
Newborns exposed antenatally to IAI had an increased risk of adverse neonatal outcome OR: 3.0 (95% CI: 1.15-7.59). Increasing gestational age OR: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.52-0.70) and management with amniocentesis OR: 0.37 (95% CI: 0.14-0.95) lowered the newborn's risk of developing adverse outcomes.
In the setting of PPROM and IAI, early delivery benefits a select subgroup of fetuses that have not yet progressed to Hp&HpRP switch-on status.
Objective We sought to compare maternal and neonatal morbidity as well as obstetric outcomes associated with pyelonephritis in pregnancy during the first compared to the second/third trimester. Study ...Design A retrospective cohort analysis was performed of all pregnant women admitted to a single tertiary care hospital between January 2004 and June 2007 with pyelonephritis. The primary outcome was length of hospitalization. The study had 80% power to detect a 1-day difference in length of stay. Results In all, 219 cases of acute pyelonephritis were identified: 23 diagnosed in the first trimester and 196 in the second/third trimester. Women were hospitalized for a median of 4 days in both the first (range, 2–7) and second/third (range, 2–9; P = .6) trimesters. Neonatal and obstetric outcomes were not statistically significant. Conclusion Maternal morbidity and obstetric outcomes do not differ between first- and second-/third-trimester pyelonephritis. First-trimester pyelonephritis should be aggressively treated to prevent adverse outcomes.
Evidence is accumulating that coronavirus disease 2019 increases the risk of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation in pregnant patients and for preterm delivery. However, the impact on maternal ...mortality and whether morbidity is differentially affected by disease severity at delivery and trimester of infection are unknown.
This study aimed to describe disease severity and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in pregnancy across the Washington State, including pregnancy complications and outcomes, hospitalization, and case fatality.
Pregnant patients with a polymerase chain reaction–confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2020, were identified in a multicenter retrospective cohort study from 35 sites in Washington State. Sites captured 61% of annual state deliveries. Case-fatality rates in pregnancy were compared with coronavirus disease 2019 fatality rates in similarly aged adults in Washington State using rate ratios and rate differences. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared by trimester of infection and disease severity at the time of delivery.
The principal study findings were as follows: (1) among 240 pregnant patients in Washington State with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, 1 in 11 developed severe or critical disease, 1 in 10 were hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019, and 1 in 80 died; (2) the coronavirus disease 2019–associated hospitalization rate was 3.5-fold higher than in similarly aged adults in Washington State (10.0% vs 2.8%; rate ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.3–5.3); (3) pregnant patients hospitalized for a respiratory concern were more likely to have a comorbidity or underlying conditions including asthma, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune disease, and class III obesity; (4) 3 maternal deaths (1.3%) were attributed to coronavirus disease 2019 for a maternal mortality rate of 1250 of 100,000 pregnancies (95% confidence interval, 257–3653); (5) the coronavirus disease 2019 case fatality in pregnancy was a significant 13.6-fold (95% confidence interval, 2.7–43.6) higher in pregnant patients than in similarly aged individuals in Washington State with an absolute difference in mortality rate of 1.2% (95% confidence interval, −0.3 to 2.6); and (6) preterm birth was significantly higher among women with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 at delivery than for women who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (45.4% severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 vs 5.2% mild coronavirus disease 2019; P<.001).
Coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalization and case-fatality rates in pregnant patients were significantly higher than in similarly aged adults in Washington State. These data indicate that pregnant patients are at risk of severe or critical disease and mortality compared to nonpregnant adults, and also at risk for preterm birth.
During the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, risks associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pregnancy were uncertain. Pregnant patients can serve as a ...model for the success of clinical and public health responses during public health emergencies as they are typically in frequent contact with the medical system. Population-based estimates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in pregnancy are unknown because of incomplete ascertainment of pregnancy status or inclusion of only single centers or hospitalized cases. Whether pregnant women were protected by the public health response or through their interactions with obstetrical providers in the early months of pandemic is not clearly understood.
This study aimed to estimate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate in pregnancy and to examine the disparities by race and ethnicity and English language proficiency in Washington State.
Pregnant patients with a polymerase chain reaction–confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection diagnosed between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2020 were identified within 35 hospitals and clinics, capturing 61% of annual deliveries in Washington State. Infection rates in pregnancy were estimated overall and by Washington State Accountable Community of Health region and cross-sectionally compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rates in similarly aged adults in Washington State. Race and ethnicity and language used for medical care of pregnant patients were compared with recent data from Washington State.
A total of 240 pregnant patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections were identified during the study period with 70.7% from minority racial and ethnic groups. The principal findings in our study were as follows: (1) the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate was 13.9 per 1000 deliveries in pregnant patients (95% confidence interval, 8.3–23.2) compared with 7.3 per 1000 (95% confidence interval, 7.2–7.4) in adults aged 20 to 39 years in Washington State (rate ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.3); (2) the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate reduced to 11.3 per 1000 deliveries (95% confidence interval, 6.3–20.3) when excluding 45 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 detected through asymptomatic screening (rate ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.96–1.9); (3) the proportion of pregnant patients in non-White racial and ethnic groups with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 infection was 2- to 4-fold higher than the race and ethnicity distribution of women in Washington State who delivered live births in 2018; and (4) the proportion of pregnant patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection receiving medical care in a non-English language was higher than estimates of pregnant patients receiving care with limited English proficiency in Washington State (30.4% vs 7.6%).
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rate in pregnant people was 70% higher than similarly aged adults in Washington State, which could not be completely explained by universal screening at delivery. Pregnant patients from nearly all racial and ethnic minority groups and patients receiving medical care in a non-English language were overrepresented. Pregnant women were not protected from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the early months of the pandemic. Moreover, the greatest burden of infections occurred in nearly all racial and ethnic minority groups. These data coupled with a broader recognition that pregnancy is a risk factor for severe illness and maternal mortality strongly suggested that pregnant people should be broadly prioritized for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine allocation in the United States similar to some states.
The aim of this study is to assess the association of antepartum anemia with chorioamnionitis at term.
This is a case control study of women with and without chorioamnionitis who delivered following ...spontaneous or induced labor at ≥ 37 weeks' gestation. Cases had both intrapartum fever ≥ 38°C and histologic chorioamnionitis. Controls were afebrile and matched by physician practice group. Anemia was defined by CDC guidelines as hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dL (second trimester) or < 11.0 g/dL (third trimester).
A total of 101 cases and 197 controls were identified. The prevalence of anemia at the second and third trimester complete blood count (CBC) was significantly higher in the chorioamnionitis group (p = 0.02). This association persisted after multiple logistic regression controlling for known clinical risk factors (adjusted odds ratios, 2.47; range, 1.24-4.94).
Anemia at the time of the second and third trimester CBC was more prevalent among women who developed chorioamnionitis at term. Antepartum anemia may be a modifiable risk factor in the prevention of chorioamnionitis at term.
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