Enterococcus is ubiquitous in human feces and has been adopted as a useful indicator of human fecal pollution in water. Although regular enterococci monitoring only examines their numbers, ...identifying human-specific Enterococcus species or genotypes could help discriminate human fecal contamination from other environmental sources. We documented a new approach to characterize enterococci using a high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing platform from Quanti Trays after following the counting of the most probable numbers of enterococci. We named this method QT-AMP (Quanti-Tray-based amplicon sequencing). We tested surface water samples collected from three rivers in southwest Florida. We detected 11 Enterococcus species from 45 samples in 1.1 million sequence reads. The method detected three rare species and eight cosmopolitan species (Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. casseliflavus, E. hirae, E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. avium, and E. durans) which have been commonly documented in previous studies. The approximate detection level of QT-AMP was four orders of magnitude higher than regular 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The current Enterolert MPN method only provides quantitative information but now we can look into the relative abundance of Enterococci species composition by accompanying Illumina sequencing. This QT-AMP could be a useful tool to streamline the quantification and identification of enterococci and could be used in various water management projects and human health risk assessment.
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•Molecular characterization of enterococci after Enterolert enrichment•The primer set used (27f-519r) could potentially differentiate over 50 Enterococcus species.•We identified eight cosmopolitan Enterococcus species and three rare species.•This method ensures the wide coverage of Enterococcus species in environments.
•Eukaryotic algae sharply increased when the water discharge increased.•Synechococcus and Cyanobium dominated in phytoplankton communities.•Phytoplankton dynamics influence the natural abundance of ...H2O2.•A H2O2 peak was found when Dolichospermum dominance was ended, and Microcystis increased.•A high correlation was found between H2O2 and microcystin (r = 0.83, p < 0.01).
Phytoplankton communities are major primary producers in the aquatic realm and are responsible for shaping aquatic ecosystems. The dynamics of algal blooms could be determined by a succession of variable taxonomic groups, which are altered based on complex environmental factors such as nutrient availability and hydraulic factors. In-river structures potentially increase the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) by increasing water residence time and deteriorating water quality. How flowing water stimulates cell growth and affects the population dynamics of phytoplankton communities is a prioritized question that needs to be addressed for water management tactics. The goal of this study was to determine if an interaction between water flow and water chemistry is present, furthermore, to determine the relationship among phytoplankton community successions in the Caloosahatchee River, a subtropical river strongly influenced by human-controlled water discharge patterns from Lake Okeechobee. Particularly we focused on how phytoplankton community shifts influence the natural abundance of hydrogen peroxide, the most stable reactive oxygen species and a byproduct of oxidative photosynthesis. High-throughput amplicon sequencing using universal primers amplify 23S rRNA gene in cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algal plastids revealed that Synechococcus and Cyanobium were the dominant cyanobacterial genera and their relative abundance ranged between 19.5 and 95.3% of the whole community throughout the monitoring period. Their relative abundance declined when the water discharge increased. On the contrary, the relative abundance of eukaryotic algae sharply increased after water discharge increased. As water temperature increased in May, initially dominant Dolichospermum decreased as Microcystis increased. When Microcystis declined other filamentous cyanobacteria such as Geitlerinema, Pseudanabaena, and Prochlorothreix increased in their relative abundances. Interestingly, a peak of extracellular hydrogen peroxide was observed when Dolichospermum dominance was ended, and M. aeruginosa numbers increased. Overall, phytoplankton communities were strongly impacted by human-induced water discharge patterns.
McCall also criticized black politicians and activists, indicting the militants, who condemned African Americans working for city government as "selling out," for not holding the mayor accountable ...for his policies ("A Black Appraisal: Have We Learned a Lesson?" A7). A liberal Republican who represented the city's "Silk Stocking District," which ran from the Upper East Side of Manhattan down through Midtown and the Theater District, culminating in Greenwich Village, Lindsay lacked experience in city politics (Cannato 189). ...the conditions portrayed in The Landlord predated Lindsay's arrival, by which time discrimination was an established city practice. The mayor regularly walked the streets of poor minority neighborhoods throughout his time in office, often without a police escort, with just one aide and a person from the neighborhood (Gottehrer 217). ...he expanded spending on social programs, including the Council Against Poverty, a Great Society initiative, and the administration's own Urban Action Task Force, led by mayoral aide Barry Gottehrer, which served as a liaison to African American neighborhoods like the one depicted in The Landlord (Kifner 35).
The New Criticism Drake, Alfred J; Armstrong, Rick; Steiner, Shep
2014, 2014-07-03
eBook
This volume covers a variety of authors and topics related to the New Criticism school of the 1920s-1950s in America. Contributors trace the history of the New Criticism as a movement, consider ...theoretical and practical aspects of various proponents, and assess the record of subsequent engagement with its tenets. The volume will prove valuable for its renewed concentration not only on the New Critics themselves, but also on the way they and their work have been contextualized, criticized, and.
Artfully curated by James R. Hansen, A Reluctant Icon:
Letters to Neil Armstrong is a companion volume to Dear
Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind ,
collecting hundreds more ...letters Armstrong received after first
stepping on the moon until his death in 2012. Providing context and
commentary, Hansen has assembled the letters by the following
themes: religion and belief; anger, disappointment, and
disillusionment; quacks, conspiracy theorists, and ufologists;
fellow astronauts and the world of flight; the corporate world;
celebrities, stars, and notables; and last messages.
Taken together, both collections provide fascinating insights
into the world of an iconic hero who took that first giant leap
onto lunar soil willingly and thereby stepped into the public eye
with reluctance. Space enthusiasts, historians, and lovers of all
things related to flight will not want to miss this book.
