Navigation without a chart or instruments depended on a pilot’s knowledge and ability to use the wind, the stars and the reading of the landscape to safely steer a ship to its destination. There has ...been a growing interest in navigation aids over the last ten years. Ongoing studies, only a few results of which have been published to date, reveal that these navigation aids are extremely numerous in the Mediterranean area, but also that the archaeological traces they have left are often very subtle. Reconstructing the visual landscape of ancient navigators means abandoning the vision we have of it from the land and entering into the cognitive process of landscape design by the pilots. The methods of intellectual construction and the functions of daymarks vary according to the routes and the practices, the ships and the users. Navigation in a straight line, with a succession of days and nights at sea, was a common process within an area bounded to the north by Jutland and the British Isles, including Ireland, by Madeira to the west and by the Canary Islands to the south. Lighthouses, with a reach of 20 to 30 nautical miles, were built within these geographical limits. Their visibility depends on the height of the focal point. The height of the construction is practically only justified on a low shoreline, to compensate for the lack of altitude of the substratum. In A Coruña (Spain), a 40-metre-high tower made it possible to gain only 2.5 nautical miles of visibility compared to a 20-metre-high tower. The construction of higher and more complex monuments has to take other factors into account. Their “remarkable construction” reflects the importance of the sponsor. Generally speaking, the most monumental lighthouses are the best known. They have been observed for a longer time, are sometimes still preserved, and have been described in texts as being endless repetitions of the lighthouse of Alexandria (Egypt). They can give rise to a biased view of reality. The example of the Mediterranean highlights the extreme diversity of these structures that are visible from a great distance, sometimes identified by their inscription. Alongside stepped constructions with a square plan, inspired by the Alexandrian lighthouse, which characterise the tallest towers, there are circular towers topped by a furnace and intended to guide ships safely into port. There are characterized by extremely small dimensions (5 m in diameter). On higher shorelines lighthouses were probably more numerous, but they left very poor traces that are difficult to identify using archaeological methods. Nocturnal coast markers directed towards the open sea were not only constructed at an early date, they were also numerous. They were hierarchised on the basis of the height of the focal point, which made it possible to distinguish the directional light from a greater distance, and to spot it at a greater height compared to other lights defining a landscape, a coastline, its important positions and dangers. Closer to the coast, where navigation was more often practised in the daytime, location within the space involves a complex cognitive process that combines knowledge about the seabed (depth and nature) and a landscape reduced to the horizon line. In this case the relative arrangement of the daymarks allows a pilot’s expert eye to determine where they are and to choose the route to their destination. Each user establishes their own points of reference on the cognitive map of their maritime space. Only a tiny minority of these were designed to be daymarks, except on low shorelines, where they are a necessity. Maritime sanctuaries and funerary monuments intended to be visible occupy an important place among the daymarks. On the other hand, daymarks –because of their nature, not their purpose–, are necessary to mark channels, for example port entrances or estuary channels. A variety of solutions existed: stone-built benchmarks at harbour entrances, aligned daymarks to indicate the navigation channel, marking of the channel with piles or floats. Towers could signal low currents. As is the case in other regions, the study of the Atlantic maritime cultural landscape takes us to the heart of the diversity of its markers, its users and their ships. It involves the reconstruction of the often very subtle, but no less essential, elements of a landscape that takes on its meaning only when seen from the sea, through a cognitive construction that is proper to category of user of the maritime space.
Natural products from plants have served mankind in a wide range of applications, such as medicines, perfumes, or flavoring agents. For this reason, synthesis, regulation and function of ...plant-derived chemicals, as well as the evolution of metabolic diversity, has attracted researchers all around the world. In particular, vascular plants have been subject to such analyses due to prevalent characteristics such as appearance, fragrance, and ecological settings. In contrast, bryophytes, constituting the second largest group of plants in terms of species number, have been mostly overlooked in this regard, potentially due to their seemingly tiny, simple and obscure nature. However, the identification of highly interesting chemicals from bryophytes with potential for biotechnological exploitation is changing this perception. Bryophytes offer a high degree of biochemical complexity, as a consequence of their ecological and genetic diversification, which enable them to prosper in various, often very harsh habitats. The number of bioactive compounds isolated from bryophytes is growing rapidly. The rapidly increasing wealth of bryophyte genetics opens doors to functional and comparative genomics approaches, including disentangling of the biosynthesis of potentially interesting chemicals, mining for novel gene families and tracing the evolutionary history of metabolic pathways. Throughout the last decades, the moss Physcomitrella (Physcomitrium patens) has moved from being a model plant together with Marchantia polymorpha in fundamental biology into an attractive host for the production of biotechnologically relevant compounds such as biopharmaceuticals. In the future, bryophytes like the moss P. patens might also be attractive candidates for the production of novel bryophyte-derived chemicals of commercial interest. This review provides a comprehensive overview of natural product research in bryophytes from different perspectives together with biotechnological advances throughout the last decade.
Concerning the effects in terms of public value creation, the literature on designing public services using “design thinking” remains incomplete. For our part, we use the SERVQUAL model and the ...concepts of public marketing to measure precisely, in the case of the cultural services of a rural community, the results obtained by a “participatory design thinking” method. In this case, participatory design by “design thinking” strongly and sustainably increases the coherence, the perceived helpfulness, the social cohesion and the democratic aspect of the services. Therefore, prospects for optimizing public service co-design practices can be considered.
La littérature concernant les effets des méthodes de conception des services publics « par le design » en matière de création de valeur publique demeure lacunaire. Pour sa part, notre recherche exploite, dans le cas des services culturels d’une communauté de communes rurale, le modèle SERVQUAL et les concepts du marketing public, pour faire apparaître les résultats obtenus par une méthode de design thinking participatif. Dans ce cas, la serviabilité perçue, la cohésion sociale et l’aspect démocratique des services sont fortement et durablement accrus. Des pistes d’optimisation des pratiques de co-design de services publics existent donc.
La littérature concernant les effets des méthodes de conception des services publics « par le design » en matière de création de valeur publique demeure lacunaire. Pour sa part, notre recherche ...exploite, dans le cas des services culturels d’une communauté de communes rurale, le modèle SERVQUAL et les concepts du marketing public, pour faire apparaître les résultats obtenus par une méthode de design thinking participatif. Dans ce cas, la serviabilité perçue, la cohésion sociale et l’aspect démocratique des services sont fortement et durablement accrus. Des pistes d’optimisation des pratiques de co-design de services publics existent donc.
Cet article s’attache à poser les jalons pour une étude des aides à la navigation (phares et amers) et tente de les replacer dans le contexte des pratiques de navigation atlantique : navigation en ...droiture, navigation côtière, navigation dans les estuaires et dans les chenaux, navigation diurne et nocturne. L’érudition s’est généralement concentrée sur les phares – et, parmi eux, sur les plus spectaculaires –, qui n’ont pas toujours été les plus essentiels à la navigation et qui ont constitué une minorité des aides à la navigation. Un premier type de balise vise à se diriger depuis le large, nuit et jour, vers un port connu. La portée et l’angle de visibilité sont des données essentielles auxquelles on commence tout juste à s’intéresser. Ces balises peuvent avoir été de petites dimensions. D’autres localisent des dangers. Plus on s’approche de la côte, plus les amers identifiables, disposés en système, permettent au pilote de se situer et de tracer sa route dans un espace théorique issu d’une construction cognitive du paysage. Les traces laissées par ces amers, dont seul un petit nombre a été conçu spécifiquement pour être une aide à la navigation, sont souvent très discrètes et seules des enquêtes de terrain spécifiques, à échelle réduite, sont susceptibles de révéler les systèmes d’aides à la navigation qui étaient plus le fait de la science du pilote que de l’intention d’un aménageur.
Filamentous fungi are used for food fermentation and industrial production of recombinant proteins. They also serve as a source of secondary metabolites and are recently expected as hosts for ...heterologous production of useful secondary metabolites. Multiple-step genetic engineering is required to enhance industrial production involving these fungi, but traditional sequential modification of multiple genes using a limited number of selection markers is laborious. Moreover, efficient genetic engineering techniques for industrial strains have not yet been established. We have previously developed a clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9-based mutagenesis technique for the industrial filamentous fungus
, enabling mutation efficiency of 10 to 20%. Here, we improved the CRISPR/Cas9 approach by including an AMA1-based autonomously replicating plasmid harboring the drug resistance marker
By using the improved mutagenesis technique, we successfully modified
wild and industrial strains, with a mutation efficiency of 50 to 100%. Conditional expression of the
gene from the AMA1-based plasmid severely inhibited fungal growth. This enabled forced recycling of the plasmid, allowing repeated genome editing. Further, double mutant strains were successfully obtained with high efficiency by expressing two guide RNA molecules from the genome-editing plasmid. Cotransformation of fungal cells with the genome-editing plasmid together with a circular donor DNA enabled marker-free multiplex gene deletion/integration in
The presented repeatable marker-free genetic engineering approach for mutagenesis and gene deletion/integration will allow for efficient modification of multiple genes in industrial fungal strains, increasing their applicability.
Multiple gene modifications of specific fungal strains are required for achieving industrial-scale production of enzymes and secondary metabolites. In the present study, we developed an efficient multiple genetic engineering technique for the filamentous fungus
The approach is based on a clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system and recycling of an AMA1-based autonomous replicating plasmid. Because the plasmid harbors a drug resistance marker (
), the approach does not require the construction of auxotrophic industrial strains prior to genome editing and allows for forced recycling of the gene-editing plasmid. The established plasmid-recycling technique involves an
-conditional expression cassette, whose induction severely impairs fungal growth. We used the developed genetic engineering techniques for highly efficient marker-free multiple gene deletion/integration in
The genome-editing approaches established in the present study, which enable unlimited repeatable genetic engineering, will facilitate multiple gene modification of industrially important fungal strains.
Arnaud Pascal. Mallos, Antioche du Pyrame, Magarsus et le Stadiasme de la Grande Mer : toponymie historique, aléas politiques et compilation d’un périple. In: Topoi, volume 22/1, 2018. pp. 401-433.
Arnaud Pascal. De la lexicographie à la fiscalité : proposition de résolution d’un problème de traduction de la loi douanière d’Asie et ses conséquences. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie ...des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 162e année, N. 1, 2018. pp. 451-465.
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