highlights•We present algorithms to determine the most reliable strategy and path on stochastic and time-dependent networks.•The measure of reliability chosen is the on-time arrival probability at ...the destination.•We present a decreasing order-of-time algorithm for optimal time-adaptive strategy and a pruning algorithm for optimal path.•We derive the correctness of the proposed procedures and show their efficacy on large-scale transportation networks.
This study presents algorithms to determine the most reliable routes on stochastic and time-dependent networks. The measure of reliability adopted is the probability of on-time arrival at the destination, given a threshold arrival-time. We propose two distinct algorithms to determine optimal time-adaptive strategy and optimal apriori path on stochastic and time-dependent networks. First, a decreasing order-of-time algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal strategy to the sink from all node and departure-time combinations. Second, a label-correcting, network pruning algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal path between the source and the sink for a given departure-time. The correctness of both the proposed algorithms is proved and their computational complexity expressions are derived. The efficacy of the proposed procedures is demonstrated on large-scale transportation networks. This work has the potential to facilitate wider application of stochastic and time-dependent networks in reliability-based modeling and analysis.
•Microalgae are considered as the reliable resources of biodiesel production.•Produce third generation biofuel with high productivity value.•Promising impacts of physical pretreatment on microalgal ...biomass.•Review towards physical abiotic factors and pretreatment of microalgae.
The most advantageous renewable energy source which is still being explored for the source of renewable energy is biodiesel. But the major hindrance factor in the part of commercialization is the raw material cost under large scale various. Microalgae derived biofuels have drawn compelling interest as a sustainable and potential fossil fuel. The cellular mechanism of microalgae has been found to alter by the effect of some biotic and abiotic factors. Above all, those environmental parameters and production conditions can also act as a critical factor in altering the component quantity and quality of the biodiesel produced by microalgae. The lipids are accumulated inside the oleaginous microbial cells in the form of lipid droplet, and hence the cell disruption is essential for lipid extraction to enhance the yield. Huge varieties of physicochemical and mechanical pretreatment methods are available to facilitate extraction by effective cell membrane degeneration of oleaginous microbes. The present review is to exploit the probable magnitude and advantages of abiotic factors towards microalgal growth and biodiesel production. Additionally, this study tried to evaluate the possible certainties of the microalgal pretreatment processes in lipid accumulation.
Natural fiber composites (NFCs) are gaining importance in various fields of engineering due to their ecofriendly nature and low cost. The present work is aimed in studying the mechanical properties ...such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness for natural fiber/epoxy resin composites reinforced with sisal and jute. The composites are prepared by hand lay-up method by varying the proportion of jute fiber. One set of fibers is surface treated with NAOH solution and its impact on mechanical strength was studied. From the results obtained, it was observed that the tensile strength increases by 20%, flexural strength by 25%, impact strength increases by 27.27%, and hardness by 5% for surface treated composites. Scanning electron microscope was used to study the morphology of prepared specimen and fractured specimen. The results indicate that surface-treated composites perform better than the untreated fiber composites.
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths globally, and lung nodules are the primary indicators that aid in early detection. The computer-aided detection (CADe) system acts as a ...second reader, reducing the variability in lung cancer risk assessment across physicians. This work aims to improve the performance of CADe systems by developing high sensitive and resilient detection networks using deep learning. This paper proposes a novel CADe framework to detect nodules from CT scans using an enhanced UNet in conjunction with a pyramid dilated convolutional long short term memory (PD-CLSTM) network. The proposed CADe system works in two stages: nodule detection and false nodule elimination. In the first stage, a modified UNet-based model, Atrous UNet+, is proposed to detect nodule candidates from axial slices using dilation and ensemble mechanisms. Dilated convolution is a powerful technique for dense prediction by incorporating larger context information without increasing the computation load. Ensemble skip connections fuse multilevel semantic features that help detect nodules of diverse sizes. In the second stage, The pyramid dilated convolutional LSTM network is proposed to identify true nodules using inter-slice and intra-slice spatial features of 3D nodule patches. In this work, a novel idea of applying convolution long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) is attempted to categorize true nodules from false nodules and help to eliminate false nodules. Experimental results on the LUNA16 dataset show that our proposed CADe system achieves the best average sensitivity of 0.930 at seven predefined FPRs: 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, and 8 FPs per scan. Also, the proposed CADe system detects small nodules in the range of 5–9 mm with a sensitivity of 0.92 and other nodules (>10 mm) with a sensitivity of 0.93, resulting in a high detection rate in recognizing nodules of diverse sizes.
•A semantic segmentation-based model, Atrous UNet+ is proposed to detect nodules.•Ensemble and dilation mechanisms are adapted in UNet to refine the nodule detection.•A novel Convolution LSTM-based approach for 3D nodule classification is proposed.•Inter & intra-slice spatial features from PD-LSTM improve 3D classifier discrimination.
•Various microalgal cultivation techniques are provided.•Mixotrophic cultivation is potential than other modes of cultivation.•Promising strategies of microalgae harvesting was discussed.•Both ...chemical and genetic engineering techniques pivotal for lipid productivity.
Microalgae are the widely employed sources of third generation biofuels, which attracted huge attention by the researchers of the present decade because of their great productivity with lipid content. But to date, the utilization of microalgae for renewable biofuel production is not considered economically viable. The various growth modes employed for microalgal cultivation, such as phototrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic, photoheterotrophic has been compared and conferred in the current investigation. A wide variety of microalgal harvesting techniques that balance energy and economic sustainability is being carried out nowadays. Based on the culture employed, mode and conditions of microalgal cultivation, the choice of bioreactor differs like an open system or closed system bioreactor. This review discusses the basis, key challenges and the future perspective of present-day microalgal cultivation conditions regarding biomass and lipid production. Concurrently the impacts of cultivation mode, bioreactor used for lipid productivity to improve profitable microalgal biodiesel have also been summarized.
Elevated serum uric acid (sUA) concentrations are common in the general population and are associated with chronic metabolic conditions and adverse clinical outcomes. We evaluated secular trends in ...the burden of hyperuricaemia from 2006-2014 within the Irish health system.
Data from the National Kidney Disease Surveillance Programme was used to determine the prevalence of elevated sUA in adults, age > 18 years, within the Irish health system. Hyperuricaemia was defined as sUA > 416.4 μmol/L in men and > 339.06 μmol/L in women, and prevalence was calculated as the proportion of patients per year with mean sUA levels above sex-specific thresholds. Temporal trends in prevalence were compared from 2006 to 2014 while general estimating equations (GEE) explored variation across calendar years expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence intervals (CI).
From 2006 to 2014, prevalence of hyperuricaemia increased from 19.7% to 25.0% in men and from 20.5% to 24.1% in women, P<0.001. The corresponding sUA concentrations increased significantly from 314.6 (93.9) in 2006 to 325.6 (96.2) in 2014, P<0.001. Age-specific prevalence increased in all groups from 2006 to 2014, and the magnitude of increase was similar for each age category. Adjusting for baseline demographic characteristics and illness indicators, the likelihood of hyperuricemia was greatest for patients in 2014; OR 1.45 (1.26-1.65) for men and OR 1.47 (1.29-1.67) in women vs 2006 (referent). Factors associated with hyperuricaemia included: worsening kidney function, elevated white cell count, raised serum phosphate and calcium levels, elevated total protein and higher haemoglobin concentrations, all P<0.001.
The burden of hyperuricaemia is substantial in the Irish health system and has increased in frequency over the past decade. Advancing age, poorer kidney function, measures of nutrition and inflammation, and regional variation all contribute to increasing prevalence, but these do not fully explain emerging trends.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Plastics play an essential role in food packaging; their primary function is to preserve the nature of the food, ensure adequate shelf life and ensure food safety. Plastics are being produced on a ...global scale in excess of 320 million tonnes annually, with demand rising to reflect the material in wide range of applications. Nowadays, the packaging industry is a significant consumer of synthetic plastic made from fossil fuels. Petrochemical-based plastics are regarded as the preferred material for packaging. Nonetheless, using these plastics in large quantities results in a long-standing environment. Environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil fuels have prompted researchers and manufacturers to develop eco-friendly biodegradable polymers to replace petrochemical-based polymers. As a result, the production of eco-friendly food packaging material has sparked increased interest as a viable alternative to petrochemical-based polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the compostable thermoplastic biopolymers that is biodegradable and renewable in nature. High-molecular-weight PLA can be used to produce fibres, flexible, non-wovens, hard and durable materials (100,000 Da or even higher).The chapter focuses on food packaging techniques, food industry waste, biopolymers, their classification, PLA synthesis, the importance of PLA properties for food packaging, and technologies used to process PLA in food packaging.
The mechanisms behind CSF flow in humans are still not fully known. CSF circulates from its primary production sites at the choroid plexus through the brain ventricles to reach the outer surface of ...the brain in the subarachnoid spaces from where it drains into venous bloodstream and cervical lymphatics. According to a recent concept of brain fluid transport, established in rodents, CSF from the brain surface also enters the brain tissue along para-arterial routes and exits through paravenous spaces again into subarachnoid compartments. This unidirectional flow is mainly driven by arterial pulsation. To investigate how CSF flow is regulated in humans, we applied a novel real-time magnetic resonance imaging technique at high spatial (0.75 mm) and temporal (50 ms) resolution in healthy human subjects. We observed significant CSF flow exclusively with inspiration. In particular, during forced breathing, high CSF flow was elicited during every inspiration, whereas breath holding suppressed it. Only a minor flow component could be ascribed to cardiac pulsation. The present results unambiguously identify inspiration as the most important driving force for CSF flow in humans. Inspiratory thoracic pressure reduction is expected to directly modulate the hydrostatic pressure conditions for the low-resistance paravenous, venous, and lymphatic clearance routes of CSF. Furthermore, the experimental approach opens new clinical opportunities to study the pathophysiology of various forms of hydrocephalus and to design therapeutic strategies in relation to CSF flow alterations.
Understanding lineage plasticity in prostate cancer cells is crucial to overcoming disease progression and therapeutic resistance. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Han et al. demonstrate that Foxa2 ...promotes luminal-to-neuroendocrine differentiation and that it also upregulates Kit expression in neuroendocrine cells. KIT signaling inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
Understanding lineage plasticity in prostate cancer cells is crucial to overcoming disease progression and therapeutic resistance. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Han et al. demonstrate that Foxa2 promotes luminal-to-neuroendocrine differentiation and that it also upregulates Kit expression in neuroendocrine cells. KIT signaling inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
Improving with time: The first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral 1,3‐disubstituted isoindolines is based on a Brønsted acid catalyzed one‐pot reaction consisting of a Friedel–Crafts reaction ...and a base‐catalyzed aza‐Michael addition (see scheme). The enantiomeric ratio of the product significantly increases with reaction time as a result of a Brønsted acid catalyzed stereoablative kinetic resolution, which occurs in tandem to the first step.
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