We present the preliminary test results of the prototype detector, working at Sphinx Observatory Center, Jungfraujoch (~3800m a.s.l.) HFSJG – Switzerland. This prototype detector is designed to ...measure large zenith angle showers produced by high energy neutrino interactions in the Earth crust. This station provides us an opportunity to understand if the prototype detector works safely (or not) under hard environmental conditions (the air temperature changes between −25°C and −5°C). The detector prototype is using silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) produced by SensL and DRS4 chip as read-out part. Measurements at different temperature at fixed bias voltage (~29.5V) were performed to reconstruct tracks by Time Of Flight.
Endotoxemia, known as the presence of Gram (-) bacterial endotoxin in the circulation, is associated with high mortality. Here, it was aimed to investigate the effects of lactoferrin on inflammation ...and iron homeostasis and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental endotoxemia in rats. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interferon gamma (IFN-y) levels, which are important cytokines, and iron and hepcidin levels, which play a role in iron homeostasis, DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were evaluated in endotoxemia model. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method is a technique based on antigen-antibody complex and using enzymes as marking. Serum TNF-alpha, IFN-y and hepcidin levels and the liver 8-OHdG levels were measured by ELISA methods, serum iron levels were determined using iron assay kit. The results indicated that increased serum TNF, hepcidin and iron levels decreased at 1st, 3rd and 6th hours after LPS injection with lactoferrin supplementation, and increased IFN-y level at 3rd and 6th hours returned to normal range. 8-OHdG increased immediately after LPS injection and this damage returned to normal within 6 hours by lactoferrin. The findings of the study revealed that lactoferrin might be beneficial in the prognosis and treatment of endotoxemia. Keywords: lactoferrin, endotoxin, cytokine, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, iron transport
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on the cholesterol levels in egg yolk and plasma in Japanese quail. Additionally, the effects of these ...fatty acids on selected biochemical parameters, and yolk and quail weights were investigated. Thirty healthy laying Japanese quails were divided into two groups including control and omega-3 fatty acid treated group. Fish oil capsules were administrated orally to the quails in the omega-3 treated group every other day for 3
weeks. Yolk cholesterol level was found to be significantly lower in the omega-3 treated group compared to the control. Plasma cholesterol levels were lower; plasma calcium levels were higher at 3rd week in omega-3 fatty acid treated group than those in control. On the other hand, plasma phosphorus and glucose levels in omega-3 fatty acid group were significantly lower at 3rd week than those at the beginning of experiment. In conclusion, it was found that orally supplemented omega-3 fatty acid reduced the levels of cholesterol in egg yolk and plasma in quails.
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) on diethylnitrosamine (DEN) toxicity with respect to alterations including nitric oxide (NO) formation, uric acid ...level as well as some liver related enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in rats.
Forty male Wistar albino rats were used as animal materials. Animals were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Rats in group 1 (control) were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with single dose of saline; rats in group 2 were i.p. injected with DEN at a dose of 150 mg/kg/body weight; rats in group 3 were treated with DEN (via single i.p. injection at 150 mg/kg/body weight) plus n-3 FA (at a dose of 0.4 g /kg/day via subcutaneous route in fish oil) for 7 days, and group 4 received n-3 FA via s.c. route at a dose of 0.4 g/kg/day in fish oil for 7 days. The plasma samples were analyzed for NO, uric acid levels as well as for activities of AST, ALT and ALP.
Uric acid level was lower in DEN group than in control. In addition, NO level and AST, ALT, ALP activities in DEN group were significantly higher than in control. Nitric oxide concentration, ALT and ALP activities in DEN + n-3 FA treated rats were lower than in DEN alone. Uric acid level in DEN + n-3 FA group was higher than in DEN group.
These results suggest that n-3 fatty acids could ameliorate the toxic effects of DEN in part by means of its free radical scavenging activity and may be of therapeutic value in the protection of liver against toxic effects of DEN.
The main goal of this study was to find a link between colostrum and the 1-day-old lamb serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and their relation with ...neonatal diseases and beyond. Further, to set a linear relationship between the serum GGT activity (SGGTA) and the IgG concentration (SIgGC) in different days of the neonatal period, thereby determining the feasibility of the GGT activity in the prediction of the colostrum quality and passive immunity and to define a cut-off point for the SGGTA associated with an increased risk of illness or death in lambs. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained from the lambs before the colostrum intake (day 0) and on different days (1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28) in the neonatal period. The colostrum was collected from the respective ewes (n = 254) related to the lambs. The most accurate (R2 = 0.652) model for predicting the SIgGC or passive immune status was the multiple regression model developed to calculate lnIgG from lnGGT in healthy neonatal lambs using the serum GGT and IgG values of day 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28. The InGGT activity at 24 h after birth in lambs that died or became ill during the neonatal period accounted for approximately 77% and 88% of the variation in the lnIgG concentration at 24 h after birth, respectively. The study revealed that SGGTA-24 > 500 IU may be considered as a critical cut-off point for the adequate colostral passive transfer. This study also disclosed that the colostral GGT activity might be used as an indicator to determine the colostrum quality.
Parameter Control TRP P TAC (mmol Trolox Equiv/l) 1.80 (0.09) a 1.42 (0.11) b <0.05 TOC (µmol H2O2 Equiv/l) 8.15 (0.69) a 7.32 (0.47) a NS NO (µmol/l) 12.89 (1.35) b 24.08 (3.0) a <0.01 Significant ...differences in values between TRP and control groups are indicated by different superscript letters NS Not significant TAC identifies a wide spectrum of all the activities of the whole measurable exogenous and endogenous antioxidants ( Somogyi and others 2007 ). In the present study, the TOC level in the group of cattle with TRP was not statistically different from that of the control group; this might have been be due to the elimination of free radicals by NO to protect the stomach mucosa, as reported in other studies ( Liu and others 2003 , Yagmurca and others 2009 ). ...it is emphasised that NO, together with antioxidant molecules, may play a preventive role against the hazardous effects of free radicals by inhibiting their production.
The aim of this study was to investigate total antioxidant (TAC), oxidant capacity (TOC) and nitric oxide levels (NO) in cattle with foot-and-mouth-diseases (FMD). Twenty Swiss Brown cattle aged ...between 24 and 48 months were used. Animals were divided into two groups as control (n=10) and FMD (n=10). Blood samples were collected from jugular vein and centrifuged. TOC and NO levels were found to be significantly higher in FMD group compared to those of control group. However, no significant differences were present in TAC levels between FMD and control groups. It was concluded that FMD increases serum NO levels and TOC, but do not affect TAC in cattle.
This study was conducted to determine the level of certain biochemical parameters reflecting the energy metabolism status on days 1 and 30 of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off in Tuj ewes. The ...trial was conducted on 10 clinically healthy, 2–3-year-old Tuj ewes. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 30 of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off. The serum urea concentrations on day 30 of lactation were higher than those on the 1st day of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off (
P
<
0.001). Similarly, the serum urea concentration on the 1st day of lactation was higher than those 3 weeks after drying off (
P
<
0.001). Serum uric acid concentrations on day 30 of lactation were higher than those at the 1st day of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off (
P
<
0.01). Similarly the blood total protein levels 3 weeks after drying off were higher, compared to those on the 1st day of lactation (
P
<
0.01). A decrease in serum albumin, albumin/globulin and FFA levels were recorded 3 weeks after drying off and on day 30 of lactation compared to those on the onset of lactation (
P
<
0.001). Serum globulin levels 3 weeks after drying off and on day 30 of lactation were higher than those on the 1st day of lactation (
P
<
0.01). Whole triglyceride concentration 3 weeks after drying off were higher the compared to those on days 1 and 30 of lactation (
P
<
0.001). Serum glucose concentrations on days 1 and 30 of lactation were higher than those 3 weeks after drying off (
P
<
0.01). Serum T
3 concentration 3 weeks after drying off and on day 30 of lactation were higher compared to those on the 1st day of lactation (
P
<
0.001), while, serum T
4 levels on day 30 of lactation were lower than those on the 1st day of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off (
P
<
0.001). Current findings regarding the blood parameters on days 1 and 30 of lactation and 3 weeks after drying off may expand the knowledge for the diagnosis and prognosis of reproductive and metabolic diseases in sheep during these phases and warrants further research.
Ivermectin, an acaricide and anthielmintic drug of the family of avermectins may produce free radicals thus resulting cytotoxic effect on the parasite. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as free radicals and as ...host defense mechanisms. The antioxidant capacity (TAC) can be described by the analysis of single components in the defense systems against free radicals. It was aimed to study the effects of therapeutic doses of ivermectin on the plasma adenosine deaminase (ADA) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activities (GGT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO) and total protein, albumin, globulin levels in rabbits.
Twenty healthy New Zealand rabbits were allocated to 2 equal groups. Group I received 0.5 mg/kg and Group II received 1 mg/kg of ivermectin via subcutaneous injection. Blood samples were collected before the experiment, at 24 and 120 hours following the treatments.
Ivermectin at therapeutic doses increased plasma NO level at 24 h while decreased TAC at 120 h and did not alter other parameters.
These findings may suggest that ivermectin is a safe antiparasitic drug for mammals but to less extent, it may have an effect on the oxidant/antioxidant balance.
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