A conceptual design is presented of a novel energy-recovering linac (ERL) facility for the development and application of the energy recovery technique to linear electron accelerators in the ...multi-turn, large current and large energy regime. The main characteristics of the powerful energy recovery linac experiment facility (PERLE) are derived from the design of the Large Hadron electron Collider, an electron beam upgrade under study for the LHC, for which it would be the key demonstrator. PERLE is thus projected as a facility to investigate efficient, high current (HC) (>10 mA) ERL operation with three re-circulation passages through newly designed SCRF cavities, at 801.58 MHz frequency, and following deceleration over another three re-circulations. In its fully equipped configuration, PERLE provides an electron beam of approximately 1 GeV energy. A physics programme possibly associated with PERLE is sketched, consisting of high precision elastic electron-proton scattering experiments, as well as photo-nuclear reactions of unprecedented intensities with up to 30 MeV photon beam energy as may be obtained using Fabry-Perot cavities. The facility has further applications as a general technology test bed that can investigate and validate novel superconducting magnets (beam induced quench tests) and superconducting RF structures (structure tests with HC beams, beam loading and transients). Besides a chapter on operation aspects, the report contains detailed considerations on the choices for the SCRF structure, optics and lattice design, solutions for arc magnets, source and injector and on further essential components. A suitable configuration derived from the here presented design concept may next be moved forward to a technical design and possibly be built by an international collaboration which is being established.
We introduce a relativistic splitting structure as a means to map fields and equations of electromagnetism from curved four-dimensional space-time to three-dimensional observerʼs space. We focus on a ...minimal set of mathematical structures that are directly motivated by the language of the physical theory. Space-time, world-lines, time translation, space platforms and time synchronization all find their mathematical counterparts. The splitting structure is defined without recourse to coordinates or frames. This is noteworthy since, in much of the prevalent literature, observers are identified with adapted coordinates and frames. Among the benefits of the approach is a concise and insightful classification of splitting structures that is juxtaposed to a classification of observers. The application of the framework to the Ehrenfest paradox and Schiffʼs 'Question in General Relativity' further illustrates the advantages of the framework, enabling a compact, yet profound analysis of the problems at hand.
In this article, we attempt to summarize the 5-year long involvement of PSI through the CHART MagDev program with R&D on the Canted Cosine Theta (CCT) technology as a candidate for an FCC-hh main ...dipole magnet. We present the test results of the Canted Dipole 1 (CD1) 1-m-long 10-T Nb<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{3}</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn demonstrator magnet, as well as a subjective list of 'pros and cons' of CCT for the FCC-hh that we compiled along the way. By sharing our conclusions, we hope to contribute to an ongoing discussion, while maintaining our utmost respect to the community of CCT developers. The presented findings and conclusions are not final, and we remain open to arguments and discussions, as well as technical exchanges on the topic.
Subscale Stress-Managed Common Coil Design Araujo, D. M.; Auchmann, B.; Brem, A. ...
IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,
08/2024, Letnik:
34, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In the context of the High-Field Magnet (HFM) Programme, hosted at CERN, and the Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology (CHART) Initiative, hosted at PSI, the Magnet Development (MagDev) project ...aims to contribute to the Future Circular Collider (FCC) studies through, among others: (i) research on enabling technologies and (ii) high-field Low Temperature superconducting (LTS) and High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) magnets. After a first experience with the CD1 magnet, a Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) Nb 3 Sn demonstrator, a roadmap has been established with milestones ranging from enabling technologies tested in powered samples and coils, to ultimate-field and hybrid LTS/HTS short magnets. This article describes the conceptual design of the subscale stress-managed common-coils platform, which is an R&D vehicle for testing enabling technologies, innovative design concepts, and LTS and hybrid LTS/HTS coils. The different aspects of the design will be discussed, including the concept proposed for this platform, magnetic design, coil-ends optimization, and mechanical analysis.
In the context of high-energy physics, the use of Nb 3 Sn superconducting magnets as a cost-effective and reliable technology depends on improvements in the following areas: long development and ...manufacturing cycles, conductor degradation after thermal cycling, long training, as well as a demonstration in accelerator magnets with a beam aperture of the full potential of modern Nb 3 Sn conductors. In short, performance, robustness, and cost are the three issues to be addressed. The Magnet Development project (MagDev) of the Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology initiative (CHART) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) aims to contribute to the solutions to each of these issues, re-thinking the manufacturing and design process. In our program, every innovation is to be validated by means of a panoply of fast-turnaround tools: from non-powered and powered samples and coils, tested under background field, to low-field subscale magnets and high field short prototypes. This work presents one element in this panoply of R&D vehicles: a stress-managed Nb 3 Sn coil called BigBOX, impregnated with paraffin wax, and tested, through a collaboration with the Magnet Development Program of the United States (US-MDP), in the background field of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)'s common coils dipole DCC17.
The 16 T Dipole Development Program for FCC Tommasini, Davide; Auchmann, B.; Bajas, Hugues ...
IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,
06/2017, Letnik:
27, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A key challenge for a future circular collider (FCC) with centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV and a circumference in the range of 100 km is the development of high-field superconducting accelerator ...magnets, capable of providing a 16 T dipolar field of accelerator quality in a 50 mm aperture. This paper summarizes the strategy and actions being undertaken in the framework of the FCC 16 T Magnet Technology Program and the Work Package 5 of the EuroCirCol.
Training of accelerator magnets is a costly and time consuming process. The number of training quenches must therefore be reduced to a minimum. We investigate training of impregnated Nb 3 Sn ...Rutherford cable in a small-scale experiment named BOX (BOnding Experiment). The test involves a Rutherford cable impregnated in a meandering channel simulating the environment of a canted-cosine-theta (CCT) coil. The sample is powered using a transformer and the Lorentz force is generated by an externally applied magnetic field. The low material and helium consumption enable the test of a larger number of samples. In this article, we present training of samples impregnated with alumina-filled epoxy resins, a modified resin with paraffin-like mechanical properties, and a new tough resin in development at ETH Zürich. These new data are compared with previous results published earlier. Compared to samples with unfilled epoxy resin, those with alumina-filled epoxy show favorable training properties with higher initial quench currents and fewer training quenches before reaching 80% of the critical current.
•A new method for developing a Lumped-Element Dynamic Electro-Thermal model of a superconducting magnet.•Coupled electrical, magnetic, and thermal transients are successfully reproduced.•Influence of ...coupling currents on the magnet differential inductance accounted for.•Tool for reproducing and predicting magnet performance and quench protection.•TALES (Transient Analysis with Lumped-Elements of Superconductors).
Modeling accurately electro-thermal transients occurring in a superconducting magnet is challenging. The behavior of the magnet is the result of complex phenomena occurring in distinct physical domains (electrical, magnetic and thermal) at very different spatial and time scales. Combined multi-domain effects significantly affect the dynamic behavior of the system and are to be taken into account in a coherent and consistent model.
A new methodology for developing a Lumped-Element Dynamic Electro-Thermal (LEDET) model of a superconducting magnet is presented. This model includes non-linear dynamic effects such as the dependence of the magnet’s differential self-inductance on the presence of inter-filament and inter-strand coupling currents in the conductor. These effects are usually not taken into account because superconducting magnets are primarily operated in stationary conditions. However, they often have significant impact on magnet performance, particularly when the magnet is subject to high ramp rates.
Following the LEDET method, the complex interdependence between the electro-magnetic and thermal domains can be modeled with three sub-networks of lumped-elements, reproducing the electrical transient in the main magnet circuit, the thermal transient in the coil cross-section, and the electro-magnetic transient of the inter-filament and inter-strand coupling currents in the superconductor. The same simulation environment can simultaneously model macroscopic electrical transients and phenomena at the level of superconducting strands.
The model developed is a very useful tool for reproducing and predicting the performance of conventional quench protection systems based on energy extraction and quench heaters, and of the innovative CLIQ protection system as well.
Simulating the transient effects occurring in superconducting accelerator magnet circuits requires including the mutual electro-thermo-dynamic interaction among the circuit elements, such as power ...converters, magnets, and protection systems. Nevertheless, the numerical analysis is traditionally done separately for each element in the circuit, leading to possible inconsistent results. We present STEAM, a hierarchical cosimulation framework featuring the waveform relaxation method. The framework simulates a complex system as a composition of simpler, independent models that exchange information. The convergence of the coupling algorithm ensures the consistency of the solution. The modularity of the framework allows integrating models developed with both proprietary and in-house tools. The framework implements a user-customizable hierarchical algorithm to schedule how models participate to the cosimulation, for the purpose of using computational resources efficiently. As a case study, a quench scenario is cosimulated for the inner triplet circuit for the high luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
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