Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a critical immunoregulatory enzyme responsible for the metabolism of tryptophan during inflammation and disease. Based upon a pyranonaphthoquinone framework, ...the first examples of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors containing a carborane cage are reported. The novel
closo
-1,2-carboranyl-
N
-pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives display low μM binding affinity for the human recombinant enzyme, with IC
50
values ranging from 0.78 to 1.77 μM.
The first examples of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors containing a carborane cage are reported.
We report on a simple experiment in which the thickness of a hyperdoped silicon layer, supersaturated with sulfur by ion implantation followed by pulsed laser melting and rapid solidification, is ...systematically varied at constant average sulfur concentration, by varying the implantation energy, dose, and laser fluence. Contacts are deposited and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is measured for visible wavelengths. We posit that the sulfur layer primarily absorbs light but contributes negligible photocurrent, and we seek to support this by analyzing the EQE data for the different layer thicknesses in two interlocking ways. In the first, we use the measured concentration depth profiles to obtain the approximate layer thicknesses, and, for each wavelength, fit the EQE vs. layer thickness curve to obtain the absorption coefficient of hyperdoped silicon for that wavelength. Comparison to literature values for the hyperdoped silicon absorption coefficients S.H. Pan et al. Applied Physics Letters 98, 121913 (2011) shows good agreement. Next, we essentially run this process in reverse; we fit with Beer’s law the curves of EQE vs. hyperdoped silicon absorption coefficient for those wavelengths that are primarily absorbed in the hyperdoped silicon layer, and find that the layer thicknesses obtained from the fit are in good agreement with the original values obtained from the depth profiles. We conclude that the data support our interpretation of the hyperdoped silicon layer as providing negligible photocurrent at high S concentrations. This work validates the absorption data of Pan et al. Applied Physics Letters 98, 121913 (2011), and is consistent with reports of short mobility-lifetime products in hyperdoped layers. It suggests that for optoelectronic devices containing hyperdoped layers, the most important contribution to the above band gap photoresponse may be due to photons absorbed below the hyperdoped layer.
To identify ants other than Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri reported to cause adverse reactions in humans.
We conducted a literature review to identify reports of medical reactions to ants ...other than S. invicta and S. richteri. Our review of medical and entomological literature on stinging ants was generated from MEDLINE and FORMIS, respectively, using the key words stinging ants and ant stings. The search was limited to articles in English published from 1966 to 2004 on MEDLINE and all years on FORMIS. We also present 3 new case reports of severe reactions to stings by 2 different species of ants, Pseudomyrmex ejectus and Hypoponera punctatissima.
Articles that concerned anaphylactic (IgE-mediated) or anaphylactic-like (resembling anaphylaxis but mechanism unknown) immediate reactions to ant stings or bites were included in this review.
Taken together, our data demonstrate that S. invicta and S. richteri are not alone in their capability to cause serious allergic or adverse reactions. A diverse array of ant species belonging to 6 different subfamilies (Formicinae, Myrmeciinae, Ponerinae, Ectatomminae, Myrmicinae, and Pseudomyrmecinae) and 10 genera (Solenopsis, Formica, Myrmecia, Tetramorium, Pogonomyrmex, Pachycondyla, Odontomachus, Rhytidoponera, Pseudomyrmex, and Hypoponera) have now been shown to have this capability.
Awareness that species other than imported fire ants may cause severe reactions should lead to more rapid evaluation and treatment and further investigation of the medical entomology of these ants.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that in vivo administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) provokes diuresis/natriuresis through redistribution of proximal tubule apical sodium ...cotransporters (NHE3 and NaPi2) to internal stores and inhibition of basolateral Na-K-ATPase activity and to determine whether the same cellular signals drive the changes in apical and basolateral transporters. PTH-(1-34) (20 U), which couples to adenylate cyclase (AC), phospholipase C (PLC), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2), or Nle8,18,Tyr34PTH-(3-34) (10 U), which couples to PLC and PLA2 but not AC, were given to anesthetized rats as an intravenous bolus followed by low-dose infusion (1 U. kg-1. min-1 for 1 h). Renal cortex membranes were fractionated on sorbitol density gradients. PTH-(1-34) increased urinary cAMP excretion 3-fold, urine output (V) 2.0 +/- 0.1-fold, and lithium clearance (CLi) 2.8 +/- 0.3-fold. With this diuresis/natriuresis, 25% of NHE3 and 18% of NaPi2 immunoreactivity redistributed from apical membranes to higher density fractions containing intracellular membrane markers, and basolateral Na-K-ATPase activity decreased 25%. Nle8,18,Tyr34PTH-(3-34) failed to increase V or CLi or to provoke redistribution of NHE3 or NaPi2, but it did inhibit Na-K-ATPase activity 25%. We conclude that in vivo PTH stimulates natriuresis/diuresis associated with internalization of apical NHE3 and NaPi2 and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity, that cAMP-protein kinase A stimulation is necessary for the natriuresis/diuresis and NHE3 and NaPi2 internalization, and that Na-K-ATPase inhibition is not secondary to depressed apical Na+ transport.
Abstract only Objective: Circulating EPC contribute to postnatal neovascularization, which is an important adaptation for recovery from critical ischemia. It is thus essential to understand the ...factors that regulate EPC involvement in the neovascularization process. We have identified the CYP4A-20-HETE system as a novel regulator of EPC angiogenic functions in vitro . Here, we explored cellular mechanisms by which 20-HETE regulates EPC angiogenic functions and assessed its contribution to EPC-mediated angiogenesis and ischemia-induced compensatory neovascularization in vivo . Approach and Results: 20-HETE induced EPC adhesion to fibronectin and EC monolayer by 40 ± 5.6 and 67 ± 10%, respectively, which were accompanied by a rapid induction of VLA-4 and CXCR4 mRNA expression. Basal and 20-HETE-stimulated increases in adhesion were negated by inhibition of the CYP4A-20-HETE system. Real-time PCR analysis and EPC proliferation assay indicated that a positive feedback regulation exists between 20-HETE and HIF-1α/VEGF pathways. Furthermore, in vivo addition of EPC increased angiogenesis by 3.6±0.2 fold and these effects were markedly reduced by inhibition of 20-HETE system. Systemic inhibition of the CYP4A-20-HETE system reduced the compensatory neovascularization in response to ischemia in a mouse ischemic hindlimb model. Importantly, ischemic hindlimb muscles produce markedly elevated amounts of 20-HETE compared to non-ischemic controls (124 ± 27 versus 17 ± 17 pg/mg of protein). Conclusions: These results strengthen the notion that 20-HETE regulates the angiogenic functions of EPC in vitro and in vivo in autocrine and paracrine manner via up-regulation of key pro-angiogenic factors. Increases in 20-HETE at ischemic sites promote and contribute to compensatory neovascularization.
The right paratracheal stripe (RPS) is seen on postero-anterior chest radiographs as a thin, water-density stripe between the air column of the trachea and the adjacent right lung. The range of width ...of the RPS in 1,259 normal subjects was 1 to 4 mm. An RPS width of 5 mm or more is reliable evidence of disease. The differential diagnosis of this finding is lengthy, and best divided into those diseases affecting the (a) trachea; (b) mediastinum; and (c) pleura.
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