Although the ideas of innovation management have been developed and indeed implemented widely at the macro and micro levels, the intersection between the two has not been studied to the same extent. ...We argue that innovation management can only be fully effective through paying attention to this intersection, which is free of biases inherent in each individually. Our research looks at the macro and micro levels of innovation management in Denmark, Sweden, USA, India, Russia and Moldova. It suggests that differences in the success of innovation management between countries lie at the intersection level and in particular at a two-way mediation process between the micro and macro. Paying attention to this aspect of innovation management can develop further the knowledge society.
Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to study striatal sensitivity to levodopa in hemiparkinsonian rhesus monkeys. Responses consistent with increased neuronal activity were seen in areas whose normal ...dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta had been ablated by MPTP. Sites of increased activity following levodopa included the lateral putamen, the ventral region of the caudate head, septal areas, and midlateral amygdala in the MPTP-lesioned hemisphere. Increased activity was also observed in the same areas in the nonlesioned hemisphere, but was less pronounced in spatial extent and magnitude, suggesting either subclinical contralateral damage and/or functional adaptations in the contralateral dopamine systems. The increases in neuronal activity following levodopa treatment were temporally correlated with increases in striatal dopamine levels. Chronic levodopa treatment reduced behavioral responsiveness to levodopa and abolished the fMRI response. These results suggest that fMRI can detect changes in dopamine receptor-mediated neuronal sensitivity to dopaminergic agents.
Editorial Avison, David; Fitzgerald, Guy; Powell, Philip
Information systems journal (Oxford, England),
January 2008, Letnik:
18, Številka:
1
Journal Article
There is mounting evidence that in fat and other insulin-sensitive cells activation of protein synthesis may involve the dissociation of a protein (4E-BP1) from eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4E ...thus allowing formation of the eIF-4F complex. This study compares the effects of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 in fat-cells (followed by gel-shift assays and incorporation of 32P) and on its association with eIF-4E. Several lines of evidence suggest that mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAP kinase) is not involved in these effects of insulin. Insulin causes much more extensive phosphorylation and dissociation of 4E-BP1 from eIF-4E than EGF, although EGF activates MAP kinase to a much greater extent than insulin. Moreover, MAP kinase does not phosphorylate 4E-BP1 when it is complexed with eIF-4E. In contrast, insulin activates the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) 18-fold compared with a 2-fold activation by EGF, and the time course of this activation is similar to the phosphorylation and dissociation of 4E-BP1. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the activation of this latter kinase, inhibits dissociation of 4E-BP1 from eIF-4E in cells incubated with insulin but reveals a phosphorylated from of 4E-BP1 which remains bound to eIF-4E. It is concluded that in rat epididymal fat-cells, the effects of insulin on 4E-BP1 involves multiple phosphorylation events. One phosphorylation event is rapamycin-insensitive, occurs only on bound 4E-BP1 and does not initiate dissociation. The second event does result in dissociation and is blocked by rapamycin, suggesting that the p70S6K signalling pathway is involved: p70S6K itself is probably not involved directly as this kinase does not phosphorylate 4E-BP1 in vitro.
PDF
