Acute myocardial infarction or myocardial infarction (MI) is a major health problem, due to diminished flow of blood to the heart, leads to higher rates of mortality and morbidity. Data from World ...Health Organization (WHO) accounted 30% of global death annually and expected more than 23 million die annually by 2030. This fatal effects trigger the need of appropriate biomarkers for early diagnosis, thus countermeasure can be taken. At the moment, the most specific markers for cardiac injury are cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) which have been considered as ‘gold standard’. Due to higher specificity, determination of the level of cardiac troponins became a predominant indicator for MI. Several ways of diagnostics have been formulated, which include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent, fluoro-immunoassays, electrical detections, surface plasmon resonance, and colorimetric protein assay. This review represents and elucidates the strategies, methods and detection levels involved in these diagnostics on cardiac superior biomarkers. The advancement, sensitivity, and limitations of each method are also discussed. In addition, it concludes with a discussion on the point-of care (POC) assay for a fast, accurate and ability of handling small sample measurement of cardiac biomarker.
•We review on the cardiac biomarker for myocardial infarction detection.•The most specific and sensitive cardiac biomarker is cardiac troponin I and T.•Present biosensing platforms needed advanced laboratory equipment and skilled operator.•Fast, accurate and small sample measurement point-of-care assay is hence greatly desired.
Field-effect transistors (FETs) have succeeded in modern electronics in an era of computers and hand-held applications. Currently, considerable attention has been paid to direct electrical ...measurements, which work by monitoring changes in intrinsic electrical properties. Further, FET-based sensing systems drastically reduce cost, are compatible with CMOS technology, and ease down-stream applications. Current technologies for sensing applications rely on time-consuming strategies and processes and can only be performed under recommended conditions. To overcome these obstacles, an overview is presented here in which we specifically focus on high-performance FET-based sensor integration with nano-sized materials, which requires understanding the interaction of surface materials with the surrounding environment. Therefore, we present strategies, material depositions, device structures and other characteristics involved in FET-based devices. Special attention was given to silicon and polyaniline nanowires and graphene, which have attracted much interest due to their remarkable properties in sensing applications.
Display omitted
•Performance of FET-based biosensors for the detection of biomolecules is presented.•Silicon nanowire, polyaniline and graphene are the highlighted nanoscaled materials as sensing transducers.•The importance of surface material interaction with the surrounding environment is discussed.•Different device structure architectures for ease in fabrication and high sensitivity of sensing are presented.
The tropical peatlands of southern Brazil are essential for the maintenance of the Atlantic Rain Forest, one of the 25 hotspots of biodiversity in the world. Although diazotrophic micro‐organisms are ...essential for the maintenance of this nitrogen limited ecosystem, so far studies have focused only on micro‐organisms involved in the carbon cycle. In this work, peat samples were collected from three tropical peatland regions during dry and rainy seasons and their chemical and microbial characteristics were evaluated. Our results showed that the structure of the diazotrophic communities in the Brazilian tropical peatlands differs in the evaluated seasons. The abundance of the genus Bradyrhizobium showed to be affected by rainfall and peat pH. Despite the shifts of the nitrogen‐fixing population in the tropical peatland caused by seasonality it showed to be constantly dominated by α‐Proteobacteria followed by Cyanobacteria. In addition, more than 50% of nifH gene sequences have not been classified, indicating the necessity for more studies in tropical peatland, since the reduction of N supply in the peatlands stimulates the recalcitrant organic matter decomposition performed by peatland micro‐organisms, influencing the C stock.
Significance and Impact of the Study: This manuscript reports the first ecological study of tropical peatlands diazotrophic communities from the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest, one of the world's largest biodiversity hotspots. Based on culturing and culture‐independent approaches, our results showed alterations in the structure of the diazotrophic communities in different seasons. The genus Bradyrhizobium abundance was affected by rainfall and peat pH. In addition, the great number of unclassified nitrogen‐fixing bacteria indicated the need for additional studies to guide future mitigation actions, since the reduction of N supply in the peatlands stimulates the recalcitrant organic matter decomposition performed by peatland micro‐organisms, influencing the C stock.
Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence among primigravida in the third trimester, its risk factors and its effect to quality of life. Study design This is a cross ...sectional study involving primigravida in their third trimester of pregnancy, who attended the Patient Assessment Centre of a tertiary referral hospital in Klang Valley from July 2012 to June 2013. The participants were chosen randomly using convenience sampling. A face-to-face interview and a review of their antenatal record were done by trained interviewers. Data on sociodemographic and risk factors were obtained followed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form (ICIQ-SF). The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.0. Results A total of 306 women were involved. The prevalence of urinary incontinence during third trimester was 34.3% (95%CI: 29.0, 39.7). Stress incontinence (64.8%) is the commonest followed by mixed incontinence (24.8%) and urge incontinence (6.7%). Childhood enuresis ( p = 0.003) and previous history of urinary incontinence ( p < 0.001) were significantly associated with urinary incontinence. More than 50 percent of women with urinary incontinence in the third trimester felt that it did not affect their daily activities at all. Only 10% of women felt greatly affected by this problem. Conclusion Urinary incontinence is not uncommon among primigravida however many women did not feel that it affected their quality of life. Childhood enuresis and history of urinary incontinence were proven risk factors.
Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effect on condylar guidance values with casts mounted by facebow transfer (Guichet's point as the third point of reference), Bonwill's, and radiographic method. ...Materials and Methods: The dentulous subject's casts were mounted to a semi-adjustable articulator (Artex Type AR) after facebow transfer with Guichet's point as the third point of reference and also by Bonwill's method. Protrusive records made earlier were utilized to program the right and left side condylar guidance value. Two digital lateral cephalograms were made, one in centric relation, and one in protrusion and the condyles were traced and overlapped. The condylar guidance readings obtained by Bonwill's method, facebow transfer, and lateral cephalometric tracings were compared in this study using the SPSS (Version 17.0 Illinois, Chicago, USA) software. Results: The condylar guidance values obtained from Bonwill's and the facebow transfer method (p < 0.001) was lesser than the radiographic method. The values obtained by casts mounted to the Bonwill's method differed significantly (p < 0.001) from the other two methods. Conclusion: The values obtained by facebow transfer were closer to the radiographic values whereas the values obtained by Bonwill's method mounting differed markedly.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected almost 35 million people worldwide. Various tests have been developed to detect the presence of HIV during the early stages of the disease in order to ...reduce the risk of transmission to other humans. The HIV-1 Tat protein is one of the proteins present in HIV that are released abundantly approximately 2–4 weeks after infection. In this review, we have outlined various strategies for detecting the Tat protein, which helps transcribe the virus and enhances replication. Detection strategies presented include immunoassays, biosensors and gene expression, which utilize antibodies or aptamers as common probes to sense the presence of Tat. Alternatively, measuring the levels of gene transcription is a direct method of analysing the HIV gene to confirm the presence of Tat. By detection of the Tat protein, virus transmission can be detected in high-risk individuals in the early stages of the disease to reduce the risk of an HIV pandemic.
•Current approaches on HIV detection includes antibody and antigen based detection.•HIV-1 Tat leads to fast progress of HIV to AIDS, need to be paid special attention.•Detection of HIV-1 Tat is presented via immunoassay, biosensor and gene expression.•We gleaned these methods for early detection of HIV-1 Tat.
In contrast to climacteric fruits, the ripening regulation of non-climacteric fruits is not well understood. Strawberry is a representative example of this kind of fruit, so it has been used as a ...model system for this category. In this study, the effect of exogenous brassinosteroid (BR) on the expression of the receptor (
FaBRI1
) and two components of the signaling pathway (
FaBIN2
and
FaBRZ1
) was analyzed in
Fragaria
×
ananassa
cultivar Camino Real by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of fruits were evaluated in the field and postharvest trials. Perception and signal transduction pathway show little gene action mainly when elicited by epibrassinolide, having treatment differences due mainly the pink stage. This leads us to suggest that BR is involved in strawberry fruit ripening, where the threshold to action seems to be very low and act in the pink stage according to perception and transduction signals. However, owing to the physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics, the BR influence mainly starts in the white stage for total sugar and soluble solid in field assay and for total sugar in the postharvest assays. In addition, there is a positive effect on vitamin C content and total anthocyanins for the treated red fruits in the postharvest assay. All results show that BR is involved in strawberry fruit ripening, in different stages, mainly in a phenylpropanoid pathway. However, new assays to confirm the real BR importance on strawberry maturation and fruit quality.
Shared mobility is one of the smart city applications in which traditional individually owned vehicles are transformed into shared and distributed ownership. Ensuring the safety of both drivers and ...riders is a fundamental requirement in shared mobility. This work aims to design and implement an adequate framework for shared mobility within the context of a smart city. The characteristics of shared mobility are identified, leading to the proposal of an effective solution for real-time data collection, tracking, and automated decisions focusing on safety. Driver and rider safety is considered by identifying dangerous driving behaviors and the prompt response to accidents. Furthermore, a trip log is recorded to identify the reasons behind the accident. A prototype implementation is presented to validate the proposed framework for a delivery service using motorbikes. The results demonstrate the scalability of the proposed design and the integration of the overall system to enhance the rider’s safety using machine learning techniques. The machine learning approach identifies dangerous driving behaviors with an accuracy of 91.59% using the decision tree approach when compared against the support vector machine and K-nearest neighbor approaches.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The ubiquity of lizard in homes and has caused huge problem to human. They are one of the very important agents to transmit Salmonella that cause food poisoning towards human being. Through this ...research the potential of Kaffir lime peel toward lizard was reported. The process to produce Kaffir lime extract is hydrodistillation extraction method. The repellency test of essential oil will be assess at different concentration (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The duration of observation will be test from 3 to 6 hour duration. The results has shown that the concentration up to 50% and above of essential oil from Kaffir lime peel extraction may reflect the lizards in a state of discomfort.
The authors aimed to look into the viscosity investigation of mono and hybrid Aluminium Oxide/Silicon Oxide (Al2O3/SiO) based nanofluids. The viscosity methods were carried out for mono nanofluids as ...well as hybrid nanofluid, which are suspended in base fluid (water). Both mono and hybrid nanofluids of Al2O3/SiO were developed in concentration, which vary from 0.01% to 1.00%. The methodology invoked for viscosity measurement was done by spindle rotation technique, which uses Anton Paar RheolabQC rotational rheometer at temperatures of 30 - 70 ° C. The results imply that viscosity of nanofluids was directly proportional to volume concentration and temperature.
PDF