Feeding 9–10 billion people by 2050 and preventing dangerous climate change are two of the greatest challenges facing humanity. Both challenges must be met while reducing the impact of land ...management on ecosystem services that deliver vital goods and services, and support human health and well‐being. Few studies to date have considered the interactions between these challenges. In this study we briefly outline the challenges, review the supply‐ and demand‐side climate mitigation potential available in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector and options for delivering food security. We briefly outline some of the synergies and trade‐offs afforded by mitigation practices, before presenting an assessment of the mitigation potential possible in the AFOLU sector under possible future scenarios in which demand‐side measures codeliver to aid food security. We conclude that while supply‐side mitigation measures, such as changes in land management, might either enhance or negatively impact food security, demand‐side mitigation measures, such as reduced waste or demand for livestock products, should benefit both food security and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Demand‐side measures offer a greater potential (1.5–15.6 Gt CO2‐eq. yr−1) in meeting both challenges than do supply‐side measures (1.5–4.3 Gt CO2‐eq. yr−1 at carbon prices between 20 and 100 US$ tCO2‐eq. yr−1), but given the enormity of challenges, all options need to be considered. Supply‐side measures should be implemented immediately, focussing on those that allow the production of more agricultural product per unit of input. For demand‐side measures, given the difficulties in their implementation and lag in their effectiveness, policy should be introduced quickly, and should aim to codeliver to other policy agenda, such as improving environmental quality or improving dietary health. These problems facing humanity in the 21st Century are extremely challenging, and policy that addresses multiple objectives is required now more than ever.
Therapeutic application of immunoglobulin is reported to be successful in radiation-induced oral and oropharyngeal mucositis. In this study the efficacy of prophylactic application of immunoglobulin ...was investigated. In 42 patients with head and neck cancer, postoperative radiation treatment or radiation combined with chemotherapy was performed. In 20 consecutive patients, prophylactic mucositis treatment consisted of panthenol (4 x 10 ml/day) and nystatin (4 x 1 ml/day). The 22 following patients received, supplementary to panthenol and nystatin, 800 mg (5 ml) human immunoglobulin intramuscularly once weekly. During the treatment time, the degree of mucositis was examined 3 times a week. The distribution of maximal mucositis degree revealed slightly more severe mucous membrane reaction in the control group compared with the immunoglobulin group (n.s.). The analysis of mean mucositis degrees in both groups demonstrated statistically significant differences (t test, p = 0.031) related to the entire group (n = 42) and to those 16 patients receiving radiation combined with chemotherapy. There was no significant immunoglobulin-induced effect on mucositis in patients treated by radiation alone. The time from the beginning of therapy to the first interruption could be prolonged 5 days in the immunoglobulin group (n.s.). In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the prophylactic application of immunoglobulin seems to lower the degree of radiation-induced mucositis. In comparison to the published data about therapeutically given immunoglobulin, the clinical efficacy of the prophylactic application of immunoglobulin as it is performed in this study is less evident.
Evidence for a narrow baryon state is found in quasi-real photoproduction on a deuterium target through the decay channel pK0S→pπ+π−. A peak is observed in the pK0S invariant mass spectrum at ...1528±2.6(stat)±2.1(syst) MeV. Depending on the background model, the naive statistical significance of the peak is 4–6 standard deviations and its width may be somewhat larger than the experimental resolution of σ=4.3–6.2 MeV. This state may be interpreted as the predicted S=+1 exotic Θ+(uudds̄) pentaquark baryon. No signal for an hypothetical Θ++ baryon was observed in the pK+ invariant mass distribution. The absence of such a signal indicates that an isotensor Θ is excluded and an isovector Θ is unlikely.
Gemcitabine (dFdC) is a new nucleoside analogue with promising activity in different solid tumors. We investigated whether dFdC enhances the effect of irradiation in human squamous carcinoma cells of ...the oropharynx (#4197) and of the uterine cervix (HeLa) with special regard to the time-dose-relationship concerning dFdC and the dependence upon the timing of irradiation.
Under standardized conditions monolayers of cells were exposed to various dFdC concentrations (0.003-10 mumol/l) for different times (4-24 h). Irradiation (0-6 Gy) followed immediately or 12 h after dFdC exposure (0.003-0.03 mumol/l; 4-24 h).
The cytotoxic effect of dFdC depends on its concentration and the exposure duration. Exposed to non and/or slightly cytotoxic concentrations (> or = 0.003-0.03 mumol/l) for 4, 8, 16 and 24 h and followed by immediate irradiation the radiation enhancement ratio (RER) is 1.03-1.67 in #4197 cells and 1.04-2.47 in HeLa cells, respectively. Irradiated 12 h after 24 h exposure (dFdC 0.01-0.03 mumol/l) the RER is reduced to 1.10-1.17 (#4197) and 1.18-1.72 (HeLa).
Depending on the drug concentration, exposure duration, and timing of irradiation, dFdC enhances the irradiation effect on human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (#4197, HeLa).
Photoinduced linkage isomers (PLIs) of NO and NO
2
−
are selectively generated by an appropriate choice of irradiation wavelength at low temperature within the same molecular complex Rh(NO)(NO
2
)
2
...(Bu
t
2
PH)
2
. The structures of the PLIs are characterised by photocrystallography and the corresponding vibrational changes by infrared spectroscopy. Using red light about 37% of the κON isonitrosyl PLI can be produced while irradiation with blue light produces about 80% of the (O,O′) chelating NO
2
−
isomer. Upon heating the NO
2
−
PLI undergoes several structural transformations, which are characterised by infrared spectroscopy.
Photoinduced linkage isomers (PLIs) of NO and NO
2
−
are selectively generated by an appropriate choice of irradiation wavelength at low temperature within the same molecular complex Rh(NO)(NO
2
)
2
(Bu
t
2
PH)
2
.
Purpose: To confirm our assumptions regarding factors that apparently cause psychological distress related to adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients and to evaluate variables that can ...predict therapy-associated distress.
Methods and Materials: Between January 1997 and April 1998, 111 women (33–84 years) with early-stage breast cancer were irradiated (56 Gy) after breast-conserving surgery. Patients were given self-assessment questionnaires on the first and last day of radiotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed using the structural equation model LISREL, variance analysis, and regression analysis.
Results: The internal subject–related factors (coping, radiation-related anxiety, physical distress, psychological distress) reciprocally influenced each other, whereas external radiotherapy-specific factors (environmental influence, confidence in the medical staff) were causally related to coping, anxiety, and distress. Fifty-three percent of the women felt distressed because cancer affected the breast; 48% were initially afraid of radiotherapy. For 36%, anxiety was not reduced during treatment. Highly distressed women were identified by the following parameters: ≤58 years; initial anxiety; they were affected by having breast cancer, were negatively affected by environmental factors, and did not find distraction helpful.
Conclusion: Despite considerable individual variability in breast cancer patients, it seems possible to identify women who run a high risk of therapy-associated distress. In these patients, psychosocial support is necessary to reduce treatment-related anxiety and to stabilize confidence in the medical staff.
A QCD analysis of the world data on polarized deep-inelastic scattering is presented in leading and next-to-leading order. New parameterizations are derived for the quark and gluon distributions for ...the kinematic range
x∈10
−9,1,Q
2∈1,10
6
GeV
2
. The extrapolation far outside the domain of the current measurements is given both to allow for applications at higher values of
Q
2 and to be able to calculate integral properties of the present distributions. The values of
Λ
QCD and
α
s
(
M
z
) are determined. Emphasis is put on the derivation of the fully correlated 1
σ error bands for these distributions, which are also given in terms of parameterizations and are directly applicable to determine experimental errors of other polarized observables. The impact of the variation of both the renormalization and factorization scales on the value of
α
s
is studied. Finally, we perform a factorization-scheme-invariant QCD analysis based on the observables
g
1(
x,
Q
2) and
dg
1(
x,
Q
2)/
dlog(
Q
2) in next-to-leading order, which is compared to the standard analysis. A series of low moments of parton densities, accounting for error correlation, are given to allow for comparison with results from lattice simulations.
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