This paper presents the design of the LHCb trigger and its performance on data taken at the LHC in 2011. A principal goal of LHCb is to perform flavour physics measurements, and the trigger is ...designed to distinguish charm and beauty decays from the light quark background. Using a combination of lepton identification and measurements of the particles' transverse momenta the trigger selects particles originating from charm and beauty hadrons, which typically fly a finite distance before decaying. The trigger reduces the roughly 11MHz of bunch-bunch crossings that contain at least one inelastic pp interaction to 3 kHz. This reduction takes place in two stages; the first stage is implemented in hardware and the second stage is a software application that runs on a large computer farm. A data-driven method is used to evaluate the performance of the trigger on several charm and beauty decay modes.
The influence of concentration of distillery wastewaters, concentration of inoculum and pH value on hydrogen generation in batch dark fermentation process was studied. Anaerobic digested sludge from ...municipal purification unit was applied as the source of bacteria mixture. The best specific yield was obtained in system containing 10% v/v of inoculum and 20% v/v of the waste (S0/X0 = 2.8), whereas the maximum amount of hydrogen and the highest rate of reaction was achieved in system containing 25% v/v inoculum and 40% v/v of waste (S0/X0 = 2.2). The content of generated hydrogen in biogas was always higher than 62%. Maximum amount of generated hydrogen was 1 l H2/l medium and the rate was 0.12 l/l/h. Liquid metabolites of hydrogen generation process were mainly acetic and butyric acids. Ethanol and propionic acid were in traces. The ratio of HBu/HAc in medium influenced the yield of generated hydrogen.
•Application of distillery wastewater in microbiological hydrogen generation.•Optimization of the reaction conditions.•Determination of major non-gaseous metabolites (for future use in hybrid systems).
We have updated our evaluation of the hadronic contribution to the running of the QED fine structure constant using the recent precise measurements of the e+e- annihilation at the center-of-mass ...(c.m.s.) energy region between 2.6 and 3.65 GeV performed by the BES collaboration. In the low energy region, around the rho resonance, we include the recent measurements from the BABAR, CDM-2, KLOE and SND collaborations. We obtain Delta alpha (5)_had (s) = 0.02750 +/- 0.00033 at s = m_Z^2.
We have updated the evaluation of the hadronic contribution to the running of the QED fine structure constant. It is obtained from a dispersion integral over a parametrization of the measured cross ...section of e
+e
−→hadrons. We find this contribution to be
Δα
(5)
had(
s)=0.02761±0.00036 at
s=
m
Z
2 corresponding to 1/
α
(5)(
m
Z
2)=128.936±0.046. The improved experimental accuracy is mainly due to recent BES measurements. We have also updated and parametrized the hadronic contribution to
α as a function of energy.
Titanium dioxide is widely used in a lot of applications. The properties of TiO2 strongly depend on its phase composition. The transformation temperature between phases is influenced by a lot of ...factors. One of them is a type of substrate under the TiO2 film. In presented work, thin films of TiO2 were deposited by the sol–gel method on silicon, stainless steel (304L) and Co–Cr–Mo alloy (Vitallium). The process of anatase–rutile phase transformation was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies of deposited coatings. The results were compared with anatase–rutile transformations temperature of TiO2 powders obtained by analogous sol–gel process. The temperature of anatase–rutile phase transformation changed in the range of 700–1000°C and strongly depends on a kind of substrate. It was found that anatase–rutile transformation of TiO2 coating proceeded at a higher temperature than rutilization of titania powders.
The required high mechanical strength and the reliability of implants on one side and a lack of toxic elements in those materials, on the other side, causes restrictions in use of metal alloys for ...austenitic steel, alloys of cobalt matrix and even titanium alloys. However, elements harmful to human body structure such as chromium, nickel and vanadium could not have been eliminated so far. An attempt to reduce detrimental effects of above elements on the living organism are surface modifications of materials predicted for implants through the deposition of protective layers. The C/HAp composite coating was prerared by deposition of carbon layer directly on surgical steel with RF PACVD method and manufacturing of hydroxyapatite layer by sol-gel method. It was proved that carbon film significantly increases adhesion of the composite C/HAp coating. It is due to the diffusive character of bonding between carbon layer and metallic substrate not only by adhesion as in the case with hydroxyapatite deposited directly on metal base. Adhesion of both synthesized coatings was determined using nanoindentation technique. X-Ray diffraction was used for phase composition evaluation. Atomic Force Microscope revealed topography of raw, carbon and C/HAp surfaces. Elemental composition of carbon and composite layers was investigated by scanning electron microscope equipped with x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy detector.
We have updated the evaluation of the hadronic contribution to the running of the QED fine structure constant. It is obtained from a dispersion integral over a parametrization of the measured cross ...section of e
+e
− → hadrons. We find this contribution to be 0.0280 ± 0.0007 at s =
M
Z
2 corresponding to
α
−1(
M
Z
2) = 128.89 ± 0.09. We have also parametrized the corrections to α as a function of energy and discuss the influence on the luminosity measurements at LEP.
In this work, we compare the protective properties, morphology, and adhesion of unary and composite, sandwich Al
2
O
3
–TiO
2
coatings deposited on X5CrNi18-9 austenitic stainless steel using the ...sol-gel method. It is found that the type and sequence of the films in investigated composite sandwich coatings have essential influence on their properties. The best protective properties exhibit coatings in which Al
2
O
3
film is directly on the substrate surface. The best adhesion is revealed in coatings in which TiO
2
film is directly on the steel surface. It is found that composite oxide sol-gel coatings improve the resistance of stainless steel better then unary coatings both in the range of electrochemical and high-temperature corrosion. This improvement can result from mutual influence of titania and alumina films by delay of their crystallization process.
Thin titanium dioxide films, deposited using RF PECVD and sol–gel techniques, were studied comparatively with respect to their bactericidal as well as self-cleaning properties. The effect of the ...deposition process on film morphology, chemical and crystalline structure, bactericidal activity and hydrophilic properties was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface profilometry, optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. It was found that the bactericidal activity of amorphous TiO2 films, produced using the RF PECVD method, as either comparable to or better than those of crystalline (anatase) films deposited by means of the sol–gel technique. One reason for such advantageous behavior of plasma deposited materials is thought to be their substantially higher surface roughness, as revealed by AFM measurements. The hydrophilic effect, induced with UV irradiation, was strongest in the case of sol–gel films, but the RF PECVD synthesized coatings were found to be only slightly less hydrophilic. The conclusion follows that both sol–gel and RF PECVD techniques are equally capable of producing titanium dioxide films of high photocatalytic quality.
Good-quality bilayer coatings with a carbon interlayer and outer carbonate hydroxyapatite layer are obtained on AISI 316L stainless steel substrate using RF PACVD and sol-gel methods. It is found ...that protective properties of both composite C/HAP coating and HAP coating depend on the temperature of heat treatment. Hydroxyapatite with a carbon interlayer coating annealed at 500°C significantly improves corrosion resistance of the stainless-steel substrate as well as of unary carbon and HAP coatings. The composite C/HAP coating annealed at 500°C exhibits better corrosion resistance in comparison with the HAP coating heated at the same temperature. Stainless-steel substrates with a HAP and C interlayer heated at 700°C have worse corrosion features in comparison with uncoated AISI 316L. The weak corrosion resistance of this sample is due to the formation of metal carbides at this temperature.
PDF
