•Application layer handoff process developed for connected vehicle Het-Net.•Het-Nets for V2V/V2I applications evaluated through field and simulation studies.•Simulation and field test findings are ...similar in evaluating Het-Net performance.•Higher packet error due to congestion is a major concern for safety applications.•Communication latency increase with an increase in connected vehicle speeds.
Connected Vehicle Technology (CVT) requires wireless data transmission between vehicles (V2V), and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). Evaluating the performance of different network options for V2V and V2I communication that ensure optimal utilization of resources is a prerequisite when designing and developing robust wireless networks for CVT applications. Though dedicated short range communication (DSRC) has been considered as the primary communication option for CVT safety applications, the use of other wireless technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE, WiMAX) allow longer range communications and throughput requirements that could not be supported by DSRC alone. Further, the use of other wireless technology potentially reduces the need for costly DSRC infrastructure. In this research, the authors evaluated the performance of Het-Net consisting of Wi-Fi, DSRC and LTE technologies for V2V and V2I communications. An application layer handoff method was developed to enable Het-Net communication for two CVT applications: traffic data collection, and forward collision warning. The handoff method ensures the optimal utilization of available communication options (i.e., eliminate the need of using multiple communication options at the same time) and corresponding backhaul communication infrastructure depending on the connected vehicle application requirements. Field studies conducted in this research demonstrated that the use of Het-Net broadened the range and coverage of V2V and V2I communications. The use of the application layer handoff technique to maintain seamless connectivity for CVT applications was also successfully demonstrated and can be adopted in future Het-Net supported connected vehicle applications. A long handoff time was observed when the application switches from LTE to Wi-Fi. The delay is largely due to the time required to activate the 802.11 link and the time required for the vehicle to associate with the RSU (i.e., access point). Modifying the application to implement a soft handoff where a new network is seamlessly connected before breaking from the existing network can greatly reduce (or eliminate) the interruption of network service observed by the application. However, the use of a Het-Net did not compromise the performance of the traffic data collection application as this application does not require very low latency, unlike connected vehicle safety applications. Field tests revealed that the handoff between networks in Het-Net required several seconds (i.e., higher than 200ms required for safety applications). Thus, Het-Net could not be used to support safety applications that require communication latency less than 200ms. However, Het-Net could provide additional/supplementary connectivity for safety applications to warn vehicles upstream to take proactive actions to avoid problem locations. To validate and establish the findings from field tests that included a limited number of connected vehicles, ns-3 simulation experiments with a larger number of connected vehicles were conducted involving a DSRC and LTE Het-Net scenario. The latency and packet delivery error trend obtained from ns-3 simulation were found to be similar to the field experiment results.
Recurrent mutations in the spliceosome are observed in several human cancers, but their functional and therapeutic significance remains elusive. SF3B1, the most frequently mutated component of the ...spliceosome in cancer, is involved in the recognition of the branch point sequence (BPS) during selection of the 3′ splice site (ss) in RNA splicing. Here, we report that common and tumor-specific splicing aberrations are induced by SF3B1 mutations and establish aberrant 3′ ss selection as the most frequent splicing defect. Strikingly, mutant SF3B1 utilizes a BPS that differs from that used by wild-type SF3B1 and requires the canonical 3′ ss to enable aberrant splicing during the second step. Approximately 50% of the aberrantly spliced mRNAs are subjected to nonsense-mediated decay resulting in downregulation of gene and protein expression. These findings ascribe functional significance to the consequences of SF3B1 mutations in cancer.
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•SF3B1 hotspot mutations are neomorphic and induce aberrant 3′ splice site selection•Mutant SF3B1 utilizes a different branch point than that used by wild-type SF3B1•SF3B1 mutants require the canonical 3′ splice site to induce aberrant splicing•∼50% of aberrant mRNAs undergo NMD leading to downregulation of canonical isoforms
Darman et al. report that SF3B1 mutations found in cancer induce aberrant 3′ splice site selection. To induce aberrant splicing, mutant SF3B1 requires canonical 3′ splice site but utilizes a different branch point than wild-type SF3B1. Approximately 50% of the aberrant mRNAs undergo NMD resulting in downregulation of canonical transcripts.
About 312 actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples on chitin agar. All these isolates were purified and screened for their antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. Out of these, 22% of the ...isolates exhibited activity against fungi. One promising isolate with strong antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi was selected for further studies. This isolate was from Pune, and was active against both yeasts and molds. Various fermentation parameters were optimized. Based on morphological and biochemical parameters, the isolate was identified as Streptomyces. The correlation of antifungal activity with growth indicated growth dependent production of antimetabolite. Maximum antifungal metabolite production (600 units/ml) was achieved in the late log phase, which remained constant during stationery phase, and it was extracellular in nature.
The presence of microplastics within the gut of animals is well documented. Whether microplastics bioaccumulate in organisms and biomagnify in food webs remains unclear and relies on the ability of ...microplastics to translocate to other tissues. Here, we demonstrate the widespread presence of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract, fillet, and livers of seven species of sportfish from Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. Larger fish had a higher microplastic load compared to smaller fish, but the opposite trend was observed with translocated microplastics standardized by fish mass (i.e., smaller fish contained more translocated particles per gram wet weight than larger fish). Moreover, we observed no evidence of biomagnification as there was no significant relationship between the trophic level and total or translocated microplastics per individual. Overall, this suggests that microplastics are translocating, but that excretion of translocated particles or growth dilution may be occurring rather than bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Moreover, the assemblages of shapes and material types varied among tissues, suggesting that particle characteristics may predict biological fate. Our findings highlight the need for further work to understand the mechanisms of microplastic translocation and excretion and the implications for the dynamics of microplastics accumulation in food webs and human exposure.
•Effect of gravity (g) on melting and solidification of PCMs in 3D space is studied.•PCM based Thermal Control Module (TCM) having fins is considered for the study.•Three PCMs (Hexadecane, Acetic ...acid and Glycerol) are chosen for the present work.•‘g’ has significant influence on melting while less impact on solidification.•Study will be useful for designing TCMs for low gravity environment.
The present work aims to address the effect of gravity on the melting and solidification of phase change materials (PCM) in an optimized thermal control module (TCM) having pin fins as heat transfer enhancers. The enthalpy-porosity technique is used to model the solid-liquid phase change process and flow evaluation inside TCM. The melting and solidification processes are simulated for three-phase change materials (hexadecane, acetic acid, and glycerol) at different values of gravitational accelerations (i.e., melting at g, g/2, g/10, g/20, g/40, g/80 and solidification at g, g/80). The governing equations are non-dimensionalized, and results are reported in the form of dimensionless numbers. It is evident from the study that the gravity environment significantly influences the melting and solidification of PCM. The research shows that the value of PCM average liquid fraction gradually decreases by 18% as the value of gravitational acceleration reduces from g to g/80. The effect of the natural convection is noticeable on the melting of hexadecane and acetic acid. However, the minimal effect of natural convection was observed on the melting of glycerol due to highly viscous nature and faster heat propagation through the material. The effect of gravity on the solidification is small compared to the melting because the conduction heat transfer primarily dominates the solidification process. The present study provides information on the effect of gravity on performance parameters of the PCMs, which helps determine the size of the heat sinks operating under terrestrial and space environments.
Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic that has long since been effective against a variety of solid-cancers, substantially improving the five-year survival rates for cancer patients. Its use ...has also historically been limited by its adverse drug reactions, or cisplatin-induced toxicities (CITs). Of these reactions, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN), cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity (CIO) are the three most common of several CITs recognised thus far. While the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin is well understood, the mechanisms driving its toxicities have only begun to be defined. Most of the literature pertains to damage caused by oxidative stress that occurs downstream of cisplatin treatment, but recent evidence suggests that the instigator of CIT development is inflammation. Cisplatin has been shown to induce pro-inflammatory signalling in CIN, CIPN, and CIO, all of which are associated with persisting markers of inflammation, particularly from the innate immune system. This review covered the hallmarks of inflammation common and distinct between different CITs, the role of innate immune components in development of CITs, as well as current treatments targeting pro-inflammatory signalling pathways to conserve the use of cisplatin in chemotherapy and improve long-term health outcomes of cancer patients.
Intermittent early reperfusion (ischaemic postconditioning; PostC) reduces ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Using an in vivo model of endothelial IR injury in humans, we sought to determine the ...role of K(ATP) channels in PostC and whether inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) at the onset of reperfusion protected against endothelial IR injury.
Endothelial function (EF) in healthy volunteers was assessed using vascular ultrasound to measure the percentage increase in the diameter of the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperaemia flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). In resistance vessels, venous occlusion plethysmography was used to measure the dilator response to acetylcholine (ACh) area under ACh dose-response curve (ACh AUC). Measurements were made before and after IR injury. Ischaemic postconditioning consisted of three 10 s cycles of alternating ischaemia and reperfusion in the first minute of reperfusion. Oral glibenclamide and glimepiride were used to determine the role of K(ATP) channel subtypes in PostC. Intra-arterial cyclosporine was used to determine the role of mPTP in endothelial IR injury. Ischaemia-reperfusion reduced EF in the brachial artery (FMD 7.1 ± 0.9% pre-IR, 2.8 ± 0.4% post-IR; P < 0.001) and resistance vessels ACh AUC (×10(4)) 2.1 ± 0.4 pre-IR, 1.5 ± 0.2 post-IR; P < 0.05. Ischaemic postconditioning preserved EF in the brachial artery FMD 6.8 ± 0.9% (P < 0.001 vs. post-IR) and resistance vessels ACh AUC (×10(4)) 1.9 ± 0.2 (P < 0.001 vs. post-IR). Protection by PostC was abolished by glibenclamide in the brachial artery FMD 3.3 ± 0.2% (P < 0.001 vs. post-IR + PostC) and in resistance vessels ACh AUC (×10(4)) 1.1 ± 0.2 (P < 0.001 vs. post-IR + PostC), whereas glimepiride had no effect. Cyclosporine preserved EF after IR injury in the resistance vessels ACh AUC (×10(4)) 1.4 ± 0.2 post-IR vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 post-IR + cyclosporine; P < 0.05.
Protection by PostC against endothelial IR injury in humans depends on K(ATP) channel activation and is mimicked by inhibition of the mPTP at reperfusion.
This paper reports the semiconductor assisted photochemical degradation of reactive azo dye such as Congo Red on combustion synthesized ferric oxide as a photocatalyst. Oxalyldihydrazide is used as ...fuel in different molar proportions. Ferric oxide is characterized by powder XRD, Brunquer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, scanning electron microscopy, reflectance spectroscopy and powder density. BET surface area is found to be 32 m super(2) gm super(-1) arid has a particle size equals to 66 nm. Energy gap is found to be 2.91 eV as observed by reflectance spectroscopy. Ninety seven per cent COD removal is observed at pH 6 within 90 min using UV light (254 nm wavelength) as a source of radiation.
The effectiveness of anthracycline chemotherapeutics (e.g., doxorubicin) is limited by anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT). A nonsynonymous variant (S427L) in the retinoic acid receptor-γ ...(RARG) gene has been associated with ACT. This variant causes reduced RARG activity, which is hypothesized to lead to increased susceptibility to ACT through reduced activation of the retinoic acid pathway. This study explored the effects of activating the retinoic acid pathway using a RAR-agonist, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), in human cardiomyocytes and mice treated with doxorubicin. In human cardiomyocytes, ATRA induced the gene expression of RARs (RARG, RARB) and repressed the expression of topoisomerase II enzyme genes (TOP2A, TOP2B), which encode for the molecular targets of anthracyclines and repressed downstream ACT response genes. Importantly, ATRA enhanced cell survival of human cardiomyocytes exposed to doxorubicin. The protective effect of ATRA was also observed in a mouse model (B6C3F1/J) of ACT, in which ATRA treatment improved heart function compared to doxorubicin-only treated mice. Histological analyses of the heart also indicated that ATRA treatment reduced the pathology associated with ACT. These findings provide additional evidence for the retinoic acid pathway's role in ACT and suggest that the RAR activator ATRA can modulate this pathway to reduce ACT.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cytokinesis is essential for the survival of all organisms. It requires concerted functions of cell signaling, force production, exocytosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Due to the ...conservation in core components and mechanisms between fungal and animal cells, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an attractive model for studying this fundamental process. In this review, we discuss the mechanics and regulation of distinct events of cytokinesis in budding yeast, including the assembly, constriction, and disassembly of the actomyosin ring, septum formation, abscission, and their spatiotemporal coordination. We also highlight the key concepts and questions that are common to animal and fungal cytokinesis.
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