The article attempts to show that the concept of sympathy, taken from Adam Smith’sTheory of Moral Sentiments, allows us to distinguish between the purelyegoistic interest (‘selfishness’) of the homo ...oeconomicus theories (which we describeas ‘autistic’) and an interest in oneself (‘self-love’), which stems from a sympathytowards ourselves (‘reflexive sympathy’) built from the sympathy we feeltowards the other (‘direct sympathy’) and from the other towards us (‘reciprocalsympathy’). Interest, in the sense of self-love, by being part of the loops of sympathy,allows us to get out of the theoretical deadlocks that we can find in someauthors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, including those already criticisedby Smith : Mandeville, Hume, Hutcheson, and Hobbes, the one on whom weare focusing. We then broaden our analysis by relying on the recent discoveries ofmirror neurons which enable us to explain empathy (a concept very close to Smithian‘sympathy’) in humans as well as in the great apes. As empathy now has anindisputable neurological basis, it allows us to confirm our critique of the standardeconomic theories of homo oeconomicus and to contemplate a re-foundation ofpolitical economy.
4. De l’intérêt égoïste à l’empathie Emmanuel Blanc
Journal of Interdisciplinary History of Ideas,
09/2021, Letnik:
10, Številka:
19
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The article attempts to show that the concept of sympathy, taken from Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, allows us to distinguish between the purely egoistic interest (‘selfishness’) of the ...homo œconomicus theories (which we describe as ‘autistic’) and an interest in oneself (‘self-love’), which stems from a sympathy towards ourselves (‘reflexive sympathy’) built from the sympathy we feel towards the other (‘direct sympathy’) and from the other towards us (‘reciprocal sympathy’). Interest, in the sense of self-love, by being part of the loops of sympathy, allows us to get out of the theoretical deadlocks that we can find in some authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, including those already criticised by Smith: Mandeville, Hume, Hutcheson, and Hobbes, the one on whom we are focusing. We then broaden our analysis by relying on the recent discoveries of mirror neurons which enable us to explain empathy (a concept very close to Smithian ‘sympathy’) in humans as well as in the great apes. As empathy now has an indisputable neurological basis, it allows us to confirm our critique of the standard economic theories of homo œconomicus and to contemplate a re-foundation of political economy. English title: From Self-Interest to Empathy: Towards a Refoundation of Political Economy? Keywords: Sympathy, Empathy, Selfish Interest, Self-Love, Political Economy, Homo Œconomicus, Economic Models, Adam Smith, Thomas Hobbes
We evaluated improvement in the rate of prostate cancer detection when using an extensive biopsy protocol involving peripheral cores.
We prospectively evaluated 303 consecutive men who underwent ...transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy due to elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. Ten biopsies were performed, including at least 5 at the base and middle of each lobe. In addition to standard biopsy at a 45-degree angle, a more peripheral 30-degree angle biopsy was obtained. At the apex only 1 standard biopsy was done. However, when prostate volume was greater than 50 cm.
3, an additional peripheral biopsy was obtained at the apex.
The complication rate in this biopsy protocol was 1% (3 patients). Prostate cancer was detected in 118 of the 303 men (38.9%). Overall this extensive protocol resulted in 6.6% improvement in the detection rate. Improvement was 6.5% in men with PSA 10 ng./ml. or less and 7% in those with PSA greater than 10 (not significant).
Increasing the number of biopsy cores and improving prostate peripheral zone sampling resulted in a significant improvement in the detection of prostate cancer.
Cet ouvrage regroupe plusieurs recherches dont le fil conducteur est d'éclaircir les notions de valeurs et d'intérêts à partir d'une lecture smithienne de l'échange et de la sympathie :-Les notions ...de valeurs, qu'elles soient d'usage, d'utilité ou d'échange sont d'abord analysés à partir d'une lecture smithienne de K. Marx et marxienne d'A. Smith qui nous éloigne des lectures « classiques », essentiellement ricardiennes, qui resteront celles de la science économique. Nous montrons à la suite en quoi la sympathie smithienne permet de comprendre l'échange à la valeur sociale.-Les notions d'intérêts, qu'ils soient strictement égoïstes ou sociaux, font l'objet des deux parties suivantes dans lesquelles nous développons le concept central de la sympathie repris de la Théorie des sentiments moraux d'A. Smith. L'analyse des boucles de la sympathie nous permet de comprendre comment notre intérêt (self-love) est lié à l'intérêt que nous avons pour l'intérêt que les autres nous portent, ce qui permet de sortir l'économie politique du champ de la composition d'intérêts strictement égoïstes. Les découvertes récentes, par les neurobiologistes, des « neurones miroirs » qui permettent d'expliquer les comportements d'empathie chez les humains comme chez les grands singes et certains autres animaux, nous ont confortés dans nos analyses en donnant une assise scientifique au concept de sympathie, susceptible de devenir le socle d'une refondation de l'économie politique, classiquement fondé sur l'intérêt égoïste de l'homo economicus.-Les comportements d'empathie nous conduisent à nous interroger sur le statut scientifique de l'économie orthodoxe qui, en courant derrière les sciences déterministes, telle la physique, paraît manquer son objet. À la différence des sciences de la nature, l'économie se dérobe au déterminisme du fait des rétroactions auto ou contra réalisatrices des acteurs sur le modèle. Tout énoncé, fut-il « scientifique », est soumis à des effets performatifs qui peuvent
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) under MRI guidance may provide minimally invasive treatment for localized prostate cancer. In this study, ex vivo and in vivo experiments were performed using ...a prostate-dedicated endorectal phased array (16 circular elements arranged on a truncated spherical cap of radius 60 mm) and a translation-rotation mechanical actuator in order to evaluate the lesion formation and the potential interest of dual-modality (electronic and mechanical) interleaved displacement of the focus for volumetric sonication paradigms. Different sonication sequences, including elementary lesions, line scan, slice sweeping and volume sonications, were investigated with a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner. Two orthogonal planes (axial and sagittal) were simultaneously monitored using rapid MR thermometry (PRFS method) and the temperature and thermal dose maps were displayed in real time. No RF interferences were detected in MR acquisition during sonications. The shape of the thermal lesions in vivo was examined at day 5 post-treatment by MRI follow-up (T2w sequence and Gd-T1w-TFE) and postmortem histological analysis. This study suggests that electronic displacement of the focus (along the ultrasound propagation axis) interleaved with mechanical X-Z translations and rotation around B0 can be a suitable modality to treat patient-specific sizes and shapes of a pathologic tissue. The electronic displacement of focus (achieved in less than 0.1 s) is an order of magnitude faster than the mechanical motion of the HIFU device (1 s latency). As an example, for an in vivo volumetric sonication with foci between 32 and 47 mm (7 successive line scans, 11 lines/slice, 4 foci/line) with applied powers between 17.4 and 39.1 Wac, a total duration of sonication of 408.1 s was required to ablate a volume of approximately 5.7 cm3 (semi-chronic lesion measured at day 5), while the maximum temperature elevation reached was 30 °C. While electronic focusing is necessary to speed up the procedure, one should consider as a potential drawback the non-negligible risk for generating secondary lobes with full steering in 3D. Reference-free PRFS thermometry accurately removed the effects of Bo dynamic perturbation in the vicinity of the moving transducer. Therefore, the dual-modality volumetric sonication paradigm represents a cost-effective technological compromise to induce the desired shape of the lesion in the prostate through the limited endorectal space, in a reasonable period of time and without side effects.
The article attempts to show that the concept of sympathy, taken from Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, allows us to distinguish between the purely egoistic interest (‘selfishness') of the ...homo oeconomicus theories (which we describe as ‘autistic') and an interest in oneself (‘self-love'), which stems from a sympathy towards ourselves (‘reflexive sympathy') built from the sympathy we feel towards the other (‘direct sympathy') and from the other towards us (‘reciprocal sympathy'). Interest, in the sense of self-love, by being part of the loops of sympathy, allows us to get out of the theoretical deadlocks that we can find in some authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, including those already criticised by Smith : Mandeville, Hume, Hutcheson, and Hobbes, the one on whom we are focusing. We then broaden our analysis by relying on the recent discoveries of mirror neurons which enable us to explain empathy (a concept very close to Smithian ‘sympathy') in humans as well as in the great apes. As empathy now has an indisputable neurological basis, it allows us to confirm our critique of the standard economic theories of homo oeconomicus and to contemplate a re-foundation of political economy.
On décrit toutes les feuilles des laminations minimales dont un ensemble résiduel de feuilles ont 2 bouts. We give a complete description of all the leaves of a minimal foliated space with a residual ...set of 2-ended leaves.
Le partage du revenu primaire des sociétés non financières confirme-t-il les conclusions du rapport Oxfam ? Résumé À la suite de la publication du rapport Oxfam de mai 2018, nous tentons de donner ...ici une vue d'ensemble de la répartition en élargissant :-Le périmètre de l'étude (ensemble des Sociétés Non Financières (SNF) et pas uniquement les sociétés du CAC 40)-Le champ de l'analyse (part des Salaires, de l'EBE, de l'intérêt, des dividendes dans la VAB, et/ou dans l'EBE, et pas uniquement les dividendes dans le résultat net)-La période de l'étude (de 1949 à 2017). Cette mise à distance nous a permis de souligner quelques faiblesses du rapport Oxfam (choix du résultat net comme indicateur du profit par exemple), mais elle a aussi montrée en creux la spécificité des entreprises du CAC 40 par rapport à l'ensemble des SNF, et a permis de porter un regard critique sur des reproches dénués de rigueur scientifique qui ont été adressés à ce rapport. Il ressort de notre étude qu'à partir de la fin des années 1980 la financiarisation des SNF devient manifeste : non seulement les dividendes versés se substituent peu à peu aux intérêts versés, mais leur part dans l'EBE (ou la VAB) grimpe en flèche, ce qui a été possible parce que les SNF reçoivent également une part croissante de dividendes. L'augmentation simultanée des dividendes versés et reçu mesure assez précisément le degré de financiarisation (et d'imbrication) des SNF. La part d'activité financière des SNF n'est cependant pas la seule à croître, la part de la VAB des Sociétés Financières (SF) dans la VAB de l'ensemble des secteurs augmente aussi, ce qui révèle un développement iatrogène de l'intermédiation financière dans le capitalisme d'aujourd'hui, au détriment de la production de biens et services finals.
PDF
