Cilj siliranja voluminozne krme je proizvodnja konzervirane krme za hranidbu domaćih životinja. Siliranje podrazumijeva fermentaciju ugljikohidrata, osobito onih topivih u vodi, u kiseline koje krmu ...konzerviraju i čuvaju u nepromijenjenom obliku do otvaranja silosa. Zatvaranje silosa je zadnji korak u proizvodnji fermentirane krme. Utjecaj pravilnog i pravovremenog zatvaranja silosa na kvalitetu silirane biljne mase je izražen kod siliranja biljne mase u horizontalne silose gdje pokrov treba zaštititi veliku površinu, a time i veliku količinu krme od kvarenja. Kvarenje krme koja se silira nastaje zbog zaostajanja veće količine kisika u biljnoj masi ili naknadnim prodorom kisika u biljnu masu koja se silira. Rezultati produljene aerobne faze ili naknadnog prozračivanja silosa su veći gubitci hranjivih tvari silirane krme, niža konzumacija silaže i niska proizvodnost životinja, mogući zdravstveni problemi životinja te negativan utjecaj na ekonomiku farme. Pokrovi za horizontalne silose moraju zadovoljiti određene standarde kvalitete i moraju dobro prianjati uz biljnu masu. U tu svrhu se najčešće koriste i neprekidno razvijaju nove generacije plastičnih folija. Ograničenja korištenja plastičnih folija za zatvaranje silosa su puno ljudskog rada, moguća oštećenja folija te velike količine plastike koje treba ekološki prihvatljivo zbrinuti. Alternativna rješenja plastičnim folijama za zatvaranje horizontalnih silosa još nisu dala zadovoljavajuće rezultate za širu primjenu u praksi jer njihovo korištenje rezultira nižom hranjivošću fermentirane krme i/ili im je previsoka cijena koštanja u usporedbi s korištenjem plastične folije.
Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi goveda za meso i mlijeko. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kvalitetu KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom ...2016. godine na deset obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG). Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete. Boja analiziranih uzoraka KS se kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 % analiziranih uzoraka), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31 % analiziranih uzoraka). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) 378,31 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) 407,78 g kg-1 ST, pH vrijednost 4,37, sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP) 72,81 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj škroba 343,3 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj metaboličke energije (ME) 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST, neto energije laktacije (NEL ) 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST i probavljivost organske tvari (POT) 71,1 %. Od ukupno analiziranih uzoraka se u optimalnu kvalitetu KS prema sadržaju ST može svrstati 23 % KS, sadržaju SP 46 %, škroba 18 %, pH vrijednosti 23 % analiziranih uzoraka dok prema POT 0% analiziranih uzoraka. Zaključeno je da su analizirane KS proizvedene su od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti od optimalne za proizvodnju KS visoke kvalitete. Nadalje, vrijednosti sadržaja ST, NDV, pH i škroba su veće, a vrijednosti sadržaja SP, ME, NEL i POT niže od vrijednosti utvrđenih ranijim monitorinzima kvalitete KS na OPG-ima kao i poželjnih vrijednosti za KS. Varijabilna kvaliteta proizvedenih KS ukazuje na primijenjenu različitu tehnologiju uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza u istim mikroklimatskim uvjetima.
Corn silage (CS) is the main energy component of the ration in feeding cattle for meat and milk. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten family farms. Total of 65 CS samples were analyzed for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters. The color of the analyzed CS ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common was the chopping length of 0.8-1.9 cm (55% of the analyzed samples), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31% of the analyzed samples). The CS produced had on average dry matter (DM) content 378.31 g kg-1 fresh sample, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 407.78 g kg-1 DM and pH value 4.37, crude protein (CP) 72.81 g kg-1 DM, starch 343.3 g kg-1 DM, metabolic energy (ME) 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM, net energy for lactation (NEL ) 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM and digestibility of organic matter (OMD) 711 g kg-1 DM. Out of the total of analyzed samples, the optimal quality was determined in 23% of CS for DM, 46% for CP content, 18% for starch, 23% for pH value and 0% for OMD. It was concluded that the analyzed CS were produced from corn crops ensiled in later stages of phenological maturity than optimal for the production of high quality CS. Also, the values determined for DM, NDF, pH, starch were higher while the values for CP, ME, NEL i OMD lower than reported by previous monitoring of CS quality on family farms as well as the desired values for CS. The variable quality of the produced CS indicates applied different technology of cultivation and ensiling of corn crops in the same microclimatic conditions.
Cilj ovog stručnog rada je prikazati osnove razvoja kalibracijskih modela za procjenu fizikalnih, kemijskih i/ili bioloških parametara voluminozne krme bliskom infracrvenom spektroskopijom (NIR ...spektroskopijom). U usporedbi s klasičnim kemijskim metodama, NIR spektroskopija je multianalitička, ekološki potpuno prihvatljiva i brza metoda, jednostavna za primjenu i interpretaciju rezultata. Za korištenje NIR spektroskopije u svrhu procjene hranidbene vrijednosti voluminozne krme, neophodne su razvijene kalibracijske jednadžbe. Uzorci korišteni za razvoj primjenjivih kalibracija moraju biti dovoljno slični da pripadaju istom kalibracijskom setu, ali i dovoljno različiti da pokrivaju očekivane fizikalne, kemijske i/ili biološke varijabilnosti uzoraka nepoznatog kemijskog sastava. Razvoj kalibracija se sastoji od niza aktivnosti od prikupljanja/odabira uzoraka i njihove analize klasičnim kemijskim/fizikalnim i/ili biološkim metodama do predobrade i skeniranja uzoraka, razvoja kalibracijske jednadžbe primjenom neke od regresijskih metoda na spektralne podatke uzoraka, te primjene i kontrole razvijenog kalibracijskog modela procjene. Razvijena kalibracija koja ima stupanj korelacije (R2) što bliži 1.00, nisku standardnu grešku kalibracije (SEC), standardnu grešku unakrsne validacije (SECV) i standardnu grešku procjene (SEP) može se primjenjivati u praksi. Daljnja istraživanja su usmjerena na korištenje mobilne NIR spektroskopije za svakodnevnu primjenu na farmama.
The aim of this article is to present the basics of the development of calibration models for the estimation of the physical, chemical and / or biological parameters of forage by NIR spectroscopy. Compared to conventional chemical methods, NIR spectroscopy is a multianalytical, environmentally friendly and fast method, easy to apply and interpret results. For the use of NIR spectroscopy for the prediciton of the nutritional value of forages, developed calibration equations are necessary. The samples used to develop applicable calibrations must be similar enough to belong to the same calibration set but also sufficiently different to cover the expected physical, chemical and / or biological variability of samples of unknown chemical composition. Calibration development consists of a range of activities from collecting / selecting samples and analyzing them by classical chemical / physical and / or biological methods to pre-processing and scanning, developing a calibration equation and finally applying and controlling the developed calibration prediction model. A developed calibration with a degree of correlation (R2) closer to 1.00, a low standard error of calibration (SEC), a standard error of cross-validation (SECV), and a standard error of prediction (SEP) can be applied in practice. Further research is focused on the use of mobile NIR spectroscopy for daily on-farm application.
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of interactions between lower quality grass silage (GS) dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and maize silage (MS) (Zea mays L.) ...on ad libitum intake, digestibility and N retention in wether sheep. The study consisted of four feeding treatments involving GS and MS alone, and GS and MS mixtures in ratios of 67:33 or 33:67 (DM basis) fed twice daily. The GS was harvested at the beginning of flowering of orchardgrass (about 35 % of plants were in flower) while the MS used was of lower DM and starch concentration (264 g kg-1 fresh weight and 211 g kg-1 DM respectively). Mean DM content of GS was 408 g kg-1 fresh weight. MS was lower in crude protein (CP) (62 g kg-1 DM) than the GS (98 g kg-1 DM) (P<0.001). GS contained larger quantities of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P<0.001) than MS. Inclusion of MS in the diet (33 % vs. 67 %) had positive linear effects on fresh matter (FM) voluntary intake (P<0.05), digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), digestible OM in the DM (D-value) (P<0.05), starch digestibility (P<0.05), N intake (P<0.01), N output in faeces (P<0.05) and absorbed N (P<0.05). A positive associative effect of GS and MS was observed for all intake parameters measured (FM, DM, OM, NDF) (quadratic, P<0.05 to P<0.01), digestibility of DM, ADF (quadratic, P<0.05), CP (quadratic, P<0.01), N intake and absorbed N (quadratic, P<0.01). It was concluded that positive interactions of GS and MS were recorded for a limited number of parameters because of the lower quality MS than required for the full benefit of two forages fed together.
Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka na kemijski sastav i pH vrijednost fermentirane krme. U istraživanju je analizirano pet razina ...dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja u laboratorijske silose: (i) 0 %; (ii) 3 %, (iii) 6 %, (iv) 12 % i (v) 24% dodane sirutke. Laboratorijski silosi su otvoreni 47. dan od zatvaranja radi utvrđivanja pH vrijednosti i sadržaja suhe tvari (ST) fermentirane krme. NIR aparatom je procijenjen kemijski sastav fermentirane krme: sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP), sirovih masti (SM), sirovih vlakana (SV), pepela i ne dušićnih ekstraktivnih tvari (NET). S povećanjem dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi kod siliranja utvrđeno je linearno povećanje sadržaja ST (P<0,001) fermentirane krme. Utvrđen je statistički značajan kvadratni trend dodatka sirutke u prahu na sadržaj SP (P<0,001) i sadržaj SM (P<0,001). Dodatkom sirutke u prahu (od 3 % do 24 %) biljnoj masi prilikom siliranja utvrđeno je linearno opadanje sadržaja SV u fermentiranoj krmi (P<0,001). Sadržaj pepela se nije statistički značajno razlikovao između istraživanih tretmana (P>0,05). Dodatak sirutke u prahu je snizio pH vrijednost fermentirane krme (P<0,05). Zaključeno je da preporučena količina sirutke u prahu koju bi trebalo dodati biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka sadržaja ST oko 30 % prilikom siliranja je različita za pojedine kemijske parametre. Za snižavanje pH vrijednosti dovoljno je dodati 3% sirutke u prahu, za povećanje sadržaja ST 6 % dok za smanjenje sadržaja vlakana 24 %.
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of dried whey supplementation at ensiling on chemical composition and quality of fermented forage originated from semi-natural grassland. The study consists of 5 levels of dried whey supplemented to forage at ensiling into laboratory siloses: (i) 0%; (ii) 3%, (iii) 6%, (iv) 12% and (v) 24%. After 47 days fermentation the laboratory siloses, the pH value of fermented forage and the dry matter content (DM) were determinedd. The NIR instrument was applied to predict the chemical composition and quality parameters of fermented forage: crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), ash and non-nitrogen extractives (NET). With an increase in dried whey supplementation at ensiling, a linear increase in the DM content (P<0.001) of fermented forage was found. A statistically significant square trend of whey powder supplementation to CP content (P <0.001) and CF content (P<0.001) was found. The whey supplementation (from 3% to 24%) to forage at ensiling showed a linear decrease in CF content in fermented forage (P<0.001). The ash content did not differ significantly between the investigated treatments (P>0.05). The whey supplementation lowered the pH of the fermented forage (P<0.05). It was concluded that the recommended quantity of whey powder that should be added to semi-natural forage ensiled at about 30% is different for individual chemical parameters. To lower the pH value, it is enough to add 3% whey powder, to increase the content of ST 6% while to reduce fiber content by 24%.
Cilj rada bio je usporediti proizvodnost i hranidbenu vrijednost fermentirane krme dvaju hibrida sudanske trave s obzirom na prinos krme po jedinici površine te osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu ...fermentacije krme u silosu. U istraživanju su korištene dvije sorte sudanske trave, sorta Su-Su i sorta Pacific graze. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine na pokusnoj površini pokušališta Maksimir Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Pokošena biljna masa je silirana u laboratorijske silose. Nakon 35 dana od zatvaranja silosa, fermentirana krma je analizirana NIR spektroskopijom na osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu fermentacije, procjenom sadržaja organske tvari (OT), sirovih proteina (SP), neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV), metaboličke energije (ME), probavljivosti organske tvari u suhoj tvari (D-vrijednost), razgradivosti sirovih proteina (RSP), faktora konzumacije za ovce i goveda, pH vrijednosti i amonijskog N (NH3-N). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su u istraživanim parametrima. Prinos ST hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su je iznosio 11,5 t ha-1 i 12,88 t ha-1 tim slijedom (P>0,409), sadržaj SP 102,3 g kg-1 ST i 103,8 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,802), sadržaj NDV 507 g kg-1 ST i 514 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom(P>0.523), D-vrijednost 605 g kg-1 ST i 602 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,341), pH vrijednost 4,26 i 4,4 tim slijedom (P>0,193), a sadržaj NH3-N 116 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N i 131 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N tim slijedom (P>0,254). Zaključeno je da oba hibrida sudanske trave imaju potencijal za proizvodnju fermentirane voluminozne krme visokog prinosa po jedinici površine, a niža hranidbena vrijednost fermentirane krme utvrđena u ovom istraživanju je rezultat kasnijeg roka košnje biljne mase za siliranje.
The objective of the paper was to compare the feeding value of two fermented hybrids of Sudan grass with regard to forage yield, chemical composition and fermentation in the silo. Two varieties of sudan grass, the Su-Su variety and the Pacific graze variety were used in the study. The research was conducted during the growing season in 2014 on the experimental plot of the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture. The harvested forage was ensiled into laboratory silo. After 35 days of ensiling, the fermented forage was analyzed by NIR spectroscopy on the chemical composition and the fermentation quality, and there were estimated forage organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) content, and metabolic energy (ME), digestibility of the organic matter in the dry matter (D-value), crude protein degradability (CPD), intake factor for sheep and cattle, pH value and ammonia N (NH3-N). No statistically significant differences were determined between Pacific Graze and Su-su hybrids in the investigated parameters. The DM yield of hybrids Pacific graze and Su-su was 11.5 t ha-1 and 12.88 t ha-1 respectively (P>0.409), CP content 102.3 g kg-1 DM and 103.8 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.802), NDF content 507 g kg-1 DM and 514 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.523), D-value 605 g kg-1 DM and 602 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.341), pH 4.26 and 4.4 respectively (P>0.193), and NH3-N content 116 g NH3 kg-1 total N and 131 g NH3 kg-1 total N respectively (P>0.254). It was concluded that both Sudan grass hybrids have the potential to produce high-yield fermented forage per unit area while the lower nutritive value of fermented forage in this study was a result of advanced Sudan grass maturity at harvest.
Red clover is a highly productive, protein-rich fodder crop, with more “bypass” proteins and more digestible fibres than alfalfa providing more energy dense forage to lactating dairy cows diets. The ...aim of this study was to determine the effect of inoculation of three red clover cultivars with two strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, as well as the effect of cutting them in two different maturity stages on yield and chemical composition. Delaying harvest time of red clover from early budding to early flowering increased DM yield in two out of three cultivars in the sowing year, and in all three cultivars in the last year of study. An increase in relative proportion of stem in total DM yield, and a reduction in the relative proportion of leaf and flowers in all three years of research was observed. Cutting of red clover in the early budding stage resulted in 15.4 % more crude protein content than in the early flowering, whereas differences in neutral and acid detergent fibre were not significant. Red clover cultivars showed significant variation in all traits, while inoculation had no significant effect on any trait of red clover.
Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka sirutke u prahu sjenaži lucerne (SL) na udio masnih kiselina u buragu kastriranih ovnova. U istraživanju su korištena 3 hranidbena tretmana: (i) 100% ...SL; (ii) sjenaža lucerne uz dodatak 5 g sirutke kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL5) i (iii) sjenaža lucerne uz dodatak 10 g sirutke kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL10). Dodatak sirutke u prahu SL smanjio je udio octene kiseline u buragu kastriranih ovnova (P<0,001), te povećao udio propionske (P<0,001) i mliječne kiseline (P<0,001). Kod tretmana SL5 i SL10 je utvrđen viši udio (P<0,01) izomaslačne kiseline u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Kod tretmana SL10 je utvrđen viši udio izovalerijanske kiseline u usporedbi s tretmanom SL i SL5 (P<0,001). Zaključeno je da dodatak sirutke u prahu obroku baziranom na sjenaži lucerne smanjuje udio octene kiseline, a povećava udio propionske i maslačne kiseline u buragu kastriranih ovnova.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dry whey supplementation to alfalfa haylage (AH) on fatty acids concentration in the rumen of whether sheep. Total of 3 feeding treatments were used in the study: (i) 100% AH; (ii) AH supplemeneted with of 5 g whey kg-1 body weight of wether sheep (AH5) and (iii) AH supplemeneted with 10 g whey kg-1 body weight of wether sheep (AH10). The supplementation of whey to AH reduced the proportion of acetic acid in the rumen of wether sheep (P<0.001), and increased the proportion of propionic (P<0.001) and butyric acid (P<0.001). In the AH5 and AH10 treatments, a higher proportion (P<0.01) of isobutyric acid was found compared to the AH treatment. A higher proportion of isovaleric acid was determined in the AH10 treatment compared to the AH and AH5 treatment (P<0.001). It was concluded that the supplementation of whey to alfalfa haylage reduces the proportion of acetic acid and increases the proportion of propionic and butyric acid in the rumen of wether sheep.
Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka vlažnog zrna kukuruza (VZK) sjenaži lucerne (SL) na ad libitum konzumaciju i balans vode kastriranih ovnova. Istraživanje se sastojalo od 3 hranidbena ...tretmana: (i) hranidba samo SL, (ii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 5 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL5) i (iii) hranidba SL uz dodatak 10 g VZK kg-1 tjelesne mase kastriranih ovnova (SL10). Pokus je bio postavljen kao 3x3 latinski kvadrat. Životinje su hranjene 2x dnevno, cijelo su vrijeme imale na raspolaganju vodu ad libitum. Kod tretmana SL5 i SL10 je utvrđena niža konzumacija vode napajanjem (P<0,05) i niža konzumacija vode hranom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio lučenje vode urinom (P<0,05), a povećao lučenje vode fecesom (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL. Kod tretmana SL5 je izlučeno više urina (P<0,05) u usporedbi s tretmanom SL10. Dodatak VZK SL je smanjio balans vode kastriranih ovnova (P<0,05) u usporedbi s balansom vode kastrata hranjenih samo sjenažom lucerne. Zaključeno je da dodatak VZK obroku baziranom na SL utječe na konzumaciju i lučenje vode iz organizma te balans vode kastriranih ovnova.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fermented corn grain (FC) supplementation to alfalfa haylage (AH) on ad libitum water intake and water balance by wether sheep. The study consisted of 3 feeding treatments: (i) feeding AH only (AH); (ii) feeding AH with the supplementation of 5 g FC kg-1 body weight of wether sheep (AH5) and (iii) feeding AH with the supplementation of 10 g FC kg-1 body weight of wether sheep (SL10). The experiment was set up as a 3x3 Latin square. The animals were fed twice a day, all the time they had at libitum acces to fresh water. In the AH5 and AH10 treatments, lower water intake by drinking (P<0.05) and lower intake from food (P<0.05) were found in comparison with the AH treatment. The supplementation of AH with FC decreased urinary water excretion (P <0.05) and increased faecal water excretion (P<0.05) compared to AH treatment only. AH5 treatment excreted more urine (P<0.05) compared to AH10 treatment. The FC supplementation to AH reduced the water balance of wethers (P<0.05) compared to the water balance of wether sheep fed AH only. It was concluded that the addition of FC to a AH based diet affects water intake and excretion in wether sheep.
Travnjaci predstavljaju sirovinsku osnovu stočarske proizvodnje. Gnojidba travnjaka je agrotehnički zahvat koji se provodi u cilju proizvodnje krme visokog prinosa i visoke hranidbene vrijednosti za ...hranidbu životinja. Svaka farma proizvodi stajski gnoj kao posljedicu držanja životinja, a travnjak je idealno mjesto za primjenu, a time i zbrinjavanje proizvedenog stajskog gnoja. Cilj ovog rada bio je prikazati: (i) osnovne aspekte primjene gnojiva na travnjacima s naglaskom na primjenu krutog stajskog gnoja (KSG), (ii) preporučene količine, vrijeme primjene i frekvenciju primjene KSG na travnjacima, (iii) utjecaj primjene KSG na travnjacima na prinos i hranidbenu vrijednost krme i (v) neke od negativnih posljedica primjene KSG na travnjacima. KSG ima visoki potencijal u gnojidbi travnjaka. Njegovim zbrinjavanjem na travnjacima dolazi do recikliranja hranjiva i povećanja organske tvari u tlu, povećanja vodnog i vodozračnog kapaciteta tla te promicanja održivosti poljoprivrednih ekosustava. KSG se preporuča koristiti u svim sustavima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, osobito u ekološkom uzgoju. Radi visoke varijabilnosti kemijskog sastava KSG te utjecaja mikroklime, tla i vode na usvajanje hranjivih tvari od strane biljaka, neophodno je provoditi vlastita istraživanja na određenim mikroklimatskim lokacijama u cilju utvrđivanja optimalne količine, frekvencije i vremena primjene na prinos i hranidbenu vrijednost krme.
Grasslands are the basis for livestock production. Grassland fertilization is an agro-technical procedure carried out with the aim of
producing high-yield and high quality forage for animal nutrition. Each
farm produces manure as a result of keeping animals, and the grassland is an ideal place to apply and thus dispose of the manure produced. The aim of this paper was to present: (i) basic aspects of lawn fertilizer application with emphasis on farm yard manure (FYM), (ii) recommended quantity, application time and frequency of FYM application on grassland, (iii) impact of FYM application on grassland yield and forage
feeding value (v) some of the negative consequences of FYM application on grasslands. Due to the high variability in chemical composition of FYM and the influence of microclimate, soil and water on the uptake of nutrients by plants, it is necessary to conduct own research in certain microclimatic locations to determine the optimal amount, frequency and time of application on forage yield and nutritive value. FYM has a high potential in grassland fertilization. Its disposal on lawns leads to the
recycling of nutrients and the increase of organic matter in the soil, the increase of water and air capacity of the soil and the promotion of the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. FYM is recommended for application in all systems of agricultural production, especially in organic farming.
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