ABSTRACT
We present the v1.0 release of CLMM, an open source python library for the estimation of the weak lensing masses of clusters of galaxies. CLMM is designed as a stand-alone toolkit of ...building blocks to enable end-to-end analysis pipeline validation for upcoming cluster cosmology analyses such as the ones that will be performed by the Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time-Dark Energy Science Collaboration (LSST-DESC). Its purpose is to serve as a flexible, easy-to-install, and easy-to-use interface for both weak lensing simulators and observers and can be applied to real and mock data to study the systematics affecting weak lensing mass reconstruction. At the core of CLMM are routines to model the weak lensing shear signal given the underlying mass distribution of galaxy clusters and a set of data operations to prepare the corresponding data vectors. The theoretical predictions rely on existing software, used as backends in the code, that have been thoroughly tested and cross-checked. Combined theoretical predictions and data can be used to constrain the mass distribution of galaxy clusters as demonstrated in a suite of example Jupyter Notebooks shipped with the software and also available in the extensive online documentation.
ABSTRACT
We present our follow-up observations with GRANDMA of transient sources revealed by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Over a period of six months, all ZTF alerts were examined in real ...time by a dedicated science module implemented in the Fink broker, which will be used in filtering of transients discovered by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. In this article, we present three selection methods to identify kilonova candidates. Out of more than 35 million alerts, a hundred sources have passed our selection criteria. Six were then followed-up by GRANDMA (by both professional and amateur astronomers). The majority were finally classified either as asteroids or as supernovae events. We mobilized 37 telescopes, bringing together a large sample of images, taken under various conditions and quality. To complement the orphan kilonova candidates, we included three additional supernovae alerts to conduct further observations during summer 2021. We demonstrate the importance of the amateur astronomer community that contributed images for scientific analyses of new sources discovered in a magnitude range r′ = 17 − 19 mag. We based our rapid kilonova classification on the decay rate of the optical source that should exceed 0.3 mag d−1. GRANDMA’s follow-up determined the fading rate within 1.5 ± 1.2 d post-discovery, without waiting for further observations from ZTF. No confirmed kilonovae were discovered during our observing campaign. This work will be continued in the coming months in the view of preparing for kilonova searches in the next gravitational-wave observing run O4.
Three galaxy clusters selected from the XXL X-ray survey at high redshift and low mass (z ~ 1 and M500 ~ 1 – 2 × 1014 M⊙) were observed with NIKA2 to image their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZ) ...signal. They all present an SZ morphology, together with the comparison with X-ray and optical data, that indicates dynamical activity related to merging events. Despite their disturbed intracluster medium, their high redshifts, and their low masses, the three clusters follow remarkably well the pressure profile and the SZ flux-mass relation expected from standard evolution. This suggests that the physics that drives cluster formation is already in place at z ~ 1 down to M500 ~ 1014 M⊙.
The XXL Survey Adam, R; Ricci, M; Eckert, D ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
04/2024, Letnik:
684
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context. The thermodynamical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) are driven by scale-free gravitational collapse, but they also reflect the rich astrophysical processes at play in galaxy ...clusters. At low masses (∼1014 M⊙) and high redshift (z ≳ 1), these properties remain poorly constrained, observationally speaking, due to the difficulty in obtaining resolved and sensitive data. Aims. We aim to investigate the inner structure of the ICM as seen through the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect in this regime of mass and redshift. We focused on the thermal pressure profile and the scaling relation between SZ flux and mass, namely the YSZ − M scaling relation. Methods. The three galaxy clusters XLSSC 072 (z = 1.002), XLSSC 100 (z = 0.915), and XLSSC 102 (z = 0.969), with M500 ∼ 2 × 1014 M⊙, were selected from the XXL X-ray survey and observed with the NIKA2 millimeter camera to image their SZ signal. XMM-Newton X-ray data were used as a complement to the NIKA2 data to derive masses based on the YX − M relation and the hydrostatic equilibrium. Results. The SZ images of the three clusters, along with the X-ray and optical data, indicate dynamical activity related to merging events. The pressure profile is consistent with that expected for morphologically disturbed systems, with a relatively flat core and a shallow outer slope. Despite significant disturbances in the ICM, the three high-redshift low-mass clusters follow the YSZ − M relation expected from standard evolution remarkably well. Conclusions. These results indicate that the dominant physics that drives cluster evolution is already in place by z ∼ 1, at least for systems with masses above M500 ∼ 1014 M⊙.
The thermodynamical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) are driven by scale-free gravitational collapse, but they also reflect the rich astrophysical processes at play in galaxy clusters. At ...low masses ($\sim 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$) and high redshift ($z \gtrsim 1$), these properties remain poorly constrained observationally, due to the difficulty in obtaining resolved and sensitive data. This paper aims at investigating the inner structure of the ICM as seen through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in this regime of mass and redshift. Focus is set on the thermal pressure profile and the scaling relation between SZ flux and mass, namely the $Y_{\rm SZ} - M$ scaling relation. The three galaxy clusters XLSSC~072 ($z=1.002$), XLSSC~100 ($z=0.915$), and XLSSC~102 ($z=0.969$), with $M_{500} \sim 2 \times 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$, were selected from the XXL X-ray survey and observed with the NIKA2 millimeter camera to image their SZ signal. XMM-Newton X-ray data were used in complement to the NIKA2 data to derive masses based on the $Y_X - M$ relation and the hydrostatic equilibrium. The SZ images of the three clusters, along with the X-ray and optical data, indicate dynamical activity related to merging events. The pressure profile is consistent with that expected for morphologically disturbed systems, with a relatively flat core and a shallow outer slope. Despite significant disturbances in the ICM, the three high-redshift low-mass clusters follow remarkably well the $Y_{\rm SZ}-M$ relation expected from standard evolution. These results indicate that the dominant physics that drives cluster evolution is already in place by $z \sim 1$, at least for systems with masses above $M_{500} \sim 10^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$.
The XXL Survey Adam, R.; Ricci, M.; Eckert, D. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
04/2024, Letnik:
684
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context. The thermodynamical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) are driven by scale-free gravitational collapse, but they also reflect the rich astrophysical processes at play in galaxy ...clusters. At low masses (∼1014 M⊙) and high redshift (z ≳ 1), these properties remain poorly constrained, observationally speaking, due to the difficulty in obtaining resolved and sensitive data.Aims. We aim to investigate the inner structure of the ICM as seen through the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect in this regime of mass and redshift. We focused on the thermal pressure profile and the scaling relation between SZ flux and mass, namely the YSZ − M scaling relation.Methods. The three galaxy clusters XLSSC 072 (z = 1.002), XLSSC 100 (z = 0.915), and XLSSC 102 (z = 0.969), with M500 ∼ 2 × 1014 M⊙, were selected from the XXL X-ray survey and observed with the NIKA2 millimeter camera to image their SZ signal. XMM-Newton X-ray data were used as a complement to the NIKA2 data to derive masses based on the YX − M relation and the hydrostatic equilibrium.Results. The SZ images of the three clusters, along with the X-ray and optical data, indicate dynamical activity related to merging events. The pressure profile is consistent with that expected for morphologically disturbed systems, with a relatively flat core and a shallow outer slope. Despite significant disturbances in the ICM, the three high-redshift low-mass clusters follow the YSZ − M relation expected from standard evolution remarkably well.Conclusions. These results indicate that the dominant physics that drives cluster evolution is already in place by z ∼ 1, at least for systems with masses above M500 ∼ 1014 M⊙.
The XXL Survey Adam, R.; Ricci, M.; Eckert, D. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
04/2024, Letnik:
684
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Context. The thermodynamical properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) are driven by scale-free gravitational collapse, but they also reflect the rich astrophysical processes at play in galaxy ...clusters. At low masses (∼10 14 M ⊙ ) and high redshift ( z ≳ 1), these properties remain poorly constrained, observationally speaking, due to the difficulty in obtaining resolved and sensitive data. Aims. We aim to investigate the inner structure of the ICM as seen through the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect in this regime of mass and redshift. We focused on the thermal pressure profile and the scaling relation between SZ flux and mass, namely the Y SZ − M scaling relation. Methods. The three galaxy clusters XLSSC 072 ( z = 1.002), XLSSC 100 ( z = 0.915), and XLSSC 102 ( z = 0.969), with M 500 ∼ 2 × 10 14 M ⊙ , were selected from the XXL X-ray survey and observed with the NIKA2 millimeter camera to image their SZ signal. XMM-Newton X-ray data were used as a complement to the NIKA2 data to derive masses based on the Y X − M relation and the hydrostatic equilibrium. Results. The SZ images of the three clusters, along with the X-ray and optical data, indicate dynamical activity related to merging events. The pressure profile is consistent with that expected for morphologically disturbed systems, with a relatively flat core and a shallow outer slope. Despite significant disturbances in the ICM, the three high-redshift low-mass clusters follow the Y SZ − M relation expected from standard evolution remarkably well. Conclusions. These results indicate that the dominant physics that drives cluster evolution is already in place by z ∼ 1, at least for systems with masses above M 500 ∼ 10 14 M ⊙ .
The XXL Survey Ricci, M; Adam, R; Eckert, D ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2020, Letnik:
642
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
High-mass clusters at low redshifts have been intensively studied at various wavelengths. However, while more distant objects at lower masses constitute the bulk population of future surveys, their ...physical state remain poorly explored to date. In this paper, we present resolved observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, obtained with the NIKA2 camera, towards the cluster of galaxies XLSSC 102, a relatively low-mass system (M500 ∼ 2 × 1014 M⊙) at z = 0.97 detected from the XXL survey. We combine NIKA2 SZ data, XMM-Newton X-ray data, and Megacam optical data to explore, respectively, the spatial distribution of the gas electron pressure, the gas density, and the galaxies themselves. We find significant offsets between the X-ray peak, the SZ peak, the brightest cluster galaxy, and the peak of galaxy density. Additionally, the galaxy distribution and the gas present elongated morphologies. This is interpreted as the sign of a recent major merging event, which induced a local boost of the gas pressure towards the north of XLSSC 102 and stripped the gas out of the galaxy group. The NIKA2 data are also combined with XXL data to construct the thermodynamic profiles of XLSSC 102, obtaining relatively tight constraints up to about ∼r500, and revealing properties that are typical of disturbed systems. We also explore the impact of the cluster centre definition and the implication of local pressure substructure on the recovered profiles. Finally, we derive the global properties of XLSSC 102 and compare them to those of high-mass-and-low-redshift systems, finding no strong evidence for non-standard evolution. We also use scaling relations to obtain alternative mass estimates from our profiles. The variation between these different mass estimates reflects the difficulty to accurately measure the mass of low-mass clusters at z ∼ 1, especially with low signal-to-noise ratio data and for a disturbed system. However, it also highlights the strength of resolved SZ observations alone and in combination with survey-like X-ray data. This is promising for the study of high redshift clusters from the combination of eROSITA and high resolution SZ instruments and will complement the new generation of optical surveys from facilities such as LSST and Euclid.
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