On the origin of modern humans Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D.
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
12/2017, Letnik:
358, Številka:
6368
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The traditional "out of Africa" model, which posits a dispersal of modern
across Eurasia as a single wave at ~60,000 years ago and the subsequent replacement of all indigenous populations, is in need ...of revision. Recent discoveries from archaeology, hominin paleontology, geochronology, genetics, and paleoenvironmental studies have contributed to a better understanding of the Late Pleistocene record in Asia. Important findings highlighted here include growing evidence for multiple dispersals predating 60,000 years ago in regions such as southern and eastern Asia. Modern humans moving into Asia met Neandertals, Denisovans, mid-Pleistocene
, and possibly
, with some degree of interbreeding occurring. These early human dispersals, which left at least some genetic traces in modern populations, indicate that later replacements were not wholesale.
The Solitaire FR can be used not only as a tool for mechanical thrombectomy but also as a detachable permanent stent. Our aim was to assess the feasibility and safety of permanent stent placement ...with the Solitaire FR compared with other self-expanding stents for intracranial artery recanalization for acute ischemic stroke.
From January 2011 through January 2016, we retrospectively selected 2979 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Among them, 27 patients who underwent permanent stent placement (13 patients with the Solitaire FR Solitaire group and 14 patients with other self-expanding stents other stent group) were enrolled. The postprocedural modified TICI grade and angiographic and clinical outcomes were assessed. The safety and efficacy of permanent stent placement of the Solitaire FR for acute large-artery occlusion were evaluated.
Stent placement was successful in all cases. Modified TICI 2b-3 reperfusion was noted in 84.6% of the Solitaire group and in 78.6% of the other stent group. Procedural time was significantly shorter in the Solitaire group than in the other stent group (
= .022). Shorter procedural time was correlated with favorable outcome (ρ = 0.46,
= .035). No significant differences were found in the modified TICI grade, NIHSS score, mRS, and hemorrhagic transformation rate between the 2 groups. The acute in-stent thrombosis rate at discharge was significantly lower when a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was injected during the procedure (
= .013).
Permanent stent placement with the Solitaire FR compared with other self-expanding stents appears to be feasible and safe as a rescue tool for refractory intra-arterial therapy.
See also Mutch NJ. Polyphosphate scores a hat trick in regulating host defense mechanisms. This issue, pp 1142–4.
Summary.
Background: Recent results have indicated that polyphosphate, released by ...activated platelets, can function as a procoagulant to modulate the proteolytic activity of serine proteases of the blood clotting cascade.
Objective: To determine whether polyphosphate is involved in inducing signal transduction in cellular and animal models.
Methods: The effect of polyphosphate on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined by monitoring cell permeability, apoptosis and activation of NF‐κB after treating cells with different concentrations of polyphosphate. Moreover, the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules (VCAM‐1, ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin) and the adhesion of THP‐1 cells to polyphosphate‐treated cells were monitored using established methods. In the in vivo model, the pro‐inflammatory effect of polyphosphate was assessed by monitoring vascular permeability and migration of leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity of mice injected with polyphosphate.
Results: Polyphosphate, comprised of 45, 65 and 70 phosphate units, enhanced the barrier permeability and apoptosis in cultured endothelial cells and up‐regulated the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby mediating the adhesion of THP‐1 cells to polyphosphate‐treated endothelial cells. These effects of polyphosphate were mediated through the activation of NF‐κB and could not be recapitulated by another anionic polymer, heparin. Polyphosphate also increased the extravasation of the bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐bound Evans blue dye and the migration of leukocytes to the mouse peritoneal cavity, which was prevented when activated protein C (APC) was intravenously (i.v.) injected 2 h before the challenge.
Conclusion: Polyphosphate, in addition to up‐regulation of coagulation, can elicit potent pro‐inflammatory responses through the activation of NF‐κB, possibly contributing to the pro‐inflammatory effect of activated platelets.
Cardis, E., Vrijheid, M., Blettner, M., Gilbert, E., Hakama, M., Hill, C., Howe, G., Kaldor, J., Muirhead, C. R., Schubauer-Berigan, M., Yoshimura, T., Bermann, F., Cowper, G., Fix, J., Hacker, C., ...Heinmiller, B., Marshall, M., Thierry-Chef, I., Utterback, D., Ahn, Y-O., Amoros, E., Ashmore, P., Auvinen, A., Bae, J-M., Bernar, J. S., Biau, A., Combalot, E., Deboodt, P., Diez Sacristan, A., Eklöf, M., Engels, H., Engholm, G., Gulis, G., Habib, R. R., Holan, K., Hyvonen, H., Kerekes, A., Kurtinaitis, J., Malker, H., Martuzzi, M., Mastauskas, A., Monnet, A., Moser, M., Pearce, M. S., Richardson, D. B., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rogel, A., Tardy, H., Telle-Lamberton, M., Turai, I., Usel, M. and Veress, K. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: Estimates of Radiation-Related Cancer Risks. Radiat. Res. 167, 396– 416 (2007). A 15-Country collaborative cohort study was conducted to provide direct estimates of cancer risk following protracted low doses of ionizing radiation. Analyses included 407,391 nuclear industry workers monitored individually for external radiation and 5.2 million person-years of follow-up. A significant association was seen between radiation dose and all-cause mortality excess relative risk (ERR) 0.42 per Sv, 90% CI 0.07, 0.79; 18,993 deaths. This was mainly attributable to a dose-related increase in all cancer mortality (ERR/Sv 0.97, 90% CI 0.28, 1.77; 5233 deaths). Among 31 specific types of malignancies studied, a significant association was found for lung cancer (ERR/Sv 1.86, 90% CI 0.49, 3.63; 1457 deaths) and a borderline significant (P = 0.06) association for multiple myeloma (ERR/Sv 6.15, 90% CI <0, 20.6; 83 deaths) and ill-defined and secondary cancers (ERR/Sv 1.96, 90% CI −0.26, 5.90; 328 deaths). Stratification on duration of employment had a large effect on the ERR/Sv, reflecting a strong healthy worker survivor effect in these cohorts. This is the largest analytical epidemiological study of the effects of low-dose protracted exposures to ionizing radiation to date. Further studies will be important to better assess the role of tobacco and other occupational exposures in our risk estimates.
Summary
Intake of plant-based protein and recommended protein intake are associated with a lower risk of osteosarcopenic adiposity (co-occurrence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and ...adiposity) in elderly Korean men.
Introduction
Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome is defined as the concurrent presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and adiposity and leads to negative functional and metabolic outcomes in late adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the association between OSA and protein intake in adults aged 50 or older.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 data and included 645 men and 706 women aged 50 or older. Subjects were classified into normal and OSA groups. Protein intake was analyzed using the 24-h recall method.
Results
There was no significant difference in the intake of total protein and animal-based protein between normal and OSA groups. However, in males, the intake of plant-based protein (
p
= 0.0031) was significantly lower in the OSA group than that in the normal group. Further, the protein intake in the OSA group was 0.96 g/kg/day, which was significantly lower than that in the normal group (1.06 g/kg/day;
p
= 0.0203). After adjusting for confounding factors, men over 65 years old who consumed less than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of 0.91 g/kg/day had 5.82 times higher risk of OSA compared with subjects consuming protein equal to or greater than the RNI amount (95% CI 1.81–18.66).
Conclusion
In conclusion, a protein intake of RNI or more is associated with a lower risk of OSA in Korean elderly men.
Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is a promising energy and waste efficient unit process to separate mixtures down to a molecular level, which gained attention in the pharmaceutical industry, in ...particular in the process development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). This article focuses on all aspects related to OSN (i.e., membrane materials, commercial membranes, transport theories, applications) to understand the role of this technology in pharmaceutical industry. The most important results in the last five years on OSN applications in the process development of APIs are reviewed extensively.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The authors propose a new knowledge transfer method coupled with a generative adversarial network (GAN) when multiple-flow-based knowledge is considered in a teacher–student framework using a ...residual network (ResNet). In this method, several independent discriminators adapting multilayer-perceptron-based structures were designed for flow-based knowledge transfer. The proposed GAN-based optimisation alternatively updates the multiple discriminators and a student ResNet such that the flow-based features of the student ResNet are generated as closely as possible to the real features of a teacher ResNet. The experiments demonstrate that the student ResNet trained using the proposed method more accurately captures the distribution of the flow-based teacher knowledge than the $l^2$l2-distance-based training method. In addition, the proposed method provided better classification accuracy than the existing GAN-based knowledge transfer method.
Changes in the carrier mobility of tensile strained Si and SiGe nanowires (NWs) were examined using an electrical push-to-pull device (E-PTP, Hysitron). The changes were found to be closely related ...to the chemical structure at the surface, likely defect states. As tensile strain is increased, the resistivity of SiGe NWs deceases in a linear manner. However, the corresponding values for Si NWs increased with increasing tensile strain, which is closely related to broken bonds induced by defects at the NW surface. Broken bonds at the surface, which communicate with the defect state of Si are critically altered when Ge is incorporated in Si NW. In addition, the number of defects could be significantly decreased in Si NWs by incorporating a surface passivated Al2O3 layer, which removes broken bonds, resulting in a proportional decrease in the resistivity of Si NWs with increasing strain. Moreover, the presence of a passivation layer dramatically increases the extent of fracture strain in NWs, and a significant enhancement in mobility of about 2.6 times was observed for a tensile strain of 5.7%.
Background
Bacterial flagellin, a Toll‐like receptor 5 agonist, is used as an adjuvant for immunomodulation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect and its mechanism following intralymphatic ...administration of OVA‐flagellin (FlaB) mixture in the mouse model of allergic rhinitis.
Materials and Methods
BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA and treated with an OVA‐FlaB mixture via intranasal, sublingual, and intralymphatic routes to evaluate the effect of each treatment. Several parameters for allergic inflammation and its underlying mechanisms were then evaluated.
Results
Intralymphatic injection of the OVA‐FlaB mixture reduced symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa, and total and OVA‐specific IgE levels more significantly than intranasal and sublingual administration. Systemic cytokine (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐17, and IFN‐γ) production and local cytokine (IL‐4 and IL‐5) production were also reduced significantly after intralymphatic injection with OVA‐FlaB. Double intralymphatic injection of the mixture was more effective than single injection. Moreover, the expression of innate cytokines such as IL‐25 and IL‐33 in nasal epithelial cells was reduced, and the expression of chemokines such as CCL24 (eotaxin‐2), CXCL1, and CXCL2 was decreased in the nasal mucosa, suggesting the underlying mechanism for intralymphatic administration of the OVA‐FlaB mixture.
Conclusion
Intralymphatic administration of an OVA‐FlaB mixture was more effective in alleviating allergic inflammation than intranasal and sublingual administration in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. This effect may be attributed to the reduced expression of innate cytokines and chemokines. This treatment modality can be considered as a new therapeutic method and agent.
We present high-resolution millimeter continuum ALMA observations of the disks around the T Tauri stars LkCa 15 and 2MASS J16100501-2132318 (hereafter, J1610). These transition disks host ...dust-depleted inner regions, which have possibly been carved by massive planets, and they are of prime interest to the study of the imprints of planet-disk interactions. While at moderate angular resolution, they appear as a broad ring surrounding a cavity, the continuum emission resolves into multiple rings at a resolution of ~60 × 40 mas (~7.5 au for LkCa 15, ~6 au for J1610) and ~7
μ
Jy beam
−1
rms at 1.3 mm. In addition to a broad extended component, LkCa 15 and J1610 host three and two narrow rings, respectively, with two bright rings in LkCa 15 being radially resolved. LkCa 15 possibly hosts another faint ring close to the outer edge of the mm emission. The rings look marginally optically thick, with peak optical depths of ~0.5 (neglecting scattering), in agreement with high angular resolution observations of full disks. We performed hydrodynamical simulations with an embedded, sub-Jovian-mass planet and show that the observed multi-ringed substructure can be qualitatively explained as the outcome of the planet-disk interaction. We note, however, that the choice of the disk cooling timescale alone can significantly impact the resulting gas and dust distributions around the planet, leading to different numbers of rings and gaps and different spacings between them. We propose that the massive outer disk regions of transition disks are favorable places for planetesimals, and possibly second-generation planet formation of objects with a lower mass than the planets carving the inner cavity (typically few
M
Jup
), and that the annular substructures observed in LkCa 15 and J1610 may be indicative of planetary core formation within dust-rich pressure traps. Current observations are compatible with other mechanisms contributing to the origin of the observed substructures, in particular with regard to narrow rings generated (or facilitated) at the edge of the CO and N
2
snowlines.
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