Summary
Intake of plant-based protein and recommended protein intake are associated with a lower risk of osteosarcopenic adiposity (co-occurrence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and ...adiposity) in elderly Korean men.
Introduction
Osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA) syndrome is defined as the concurrent presence of osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and adiposity and leads to negative functional and metabolic outcomes in late adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the association between OSA and protein intake in adults aged 50 or older.
Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2009 data and included 645 men and 706 women aged 50 or older. Subjects were classified into normal and OSA groups. Protein intake was analyzed using the 24-h recall method.
Results
There was no significant difference in the intake of total protein and animal-based protein between normal and OSA groups. However, in males, the intake of plant-based protein (
p
= 0.0031) was significantly lower in the OSA group than that in the normal group. Further, the protein intake in the OSA group was 0.96 g/kg/day, which was significantly lower than that in the normal group (1.06 g/kg/day;
p
= 0.0203). After adjusting for confounding factors, men over 65 years old who consumed less than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of 0.91 g/kg/day had 5.82 times higher risk of OSA compared with subjects consuming protein equal to or greater than the RNI amount (95% CI 1.81–18.66).
Conclusion
In conclusion, a protein intake of RNI or more is associated with a lower risk of OSA in Korean elderly men.
Metabolic diseases affect various organs including the brain. Accumulation or depletion of substrates frequently leads to brain injury and dysfunction. Deficiency of aminopeptidase P1, a cytosolic ...proline‐specific peptidase encoded by the Xpnpep1 gene, causes an inborn error of metabolism (IEM) characterized by peptiduria in humans. We previously reported that knockout of aminopeptidase P1 in mice causes neurodevelopmental disorders and peptiduria. However, little is known about the pathophysiological role of aminopeptidase P1 in the brain. Here, we show that loss of aminopeptidase P1 causes behavioral and neurological deficits in mice. Mice deficient in aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1−/−) display abnormally enhanced locomotor activities in both the home cage and open‐field box. The aminopeptidase P1 deficiency in mice also resulted in severe impairments in novel‐object recognition, the Morris water maze task, and contextual, but not cued, fear memory. These behavioral dysfunctions were accompanied by epileptiform electroencephalogram activity and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. However, mice with a heterozygous mutation for aminopeptidase P1 (Xpnpep1+/−) exhibited normal behaviors and brain structure. These results suggest that loss of aminopeptidase P1 leads to behavioral, cognitive and neurological deficits. This study may provide insight into new pathogenic mechanisms for brain dysfunction related to IEMs.
The metabolic dysfunction caused by the loss of aminopeptidase P1 causes severe behavioral and neurological deficits in mice.
Aim
In this study, the effects of the addition of salt to treatment with acids (one of several organic acids and salt in various solutions including rich or minimal broth, buffer, or distilled water) ...on the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were investigated. The protein expression profiles corresponding to acid stress (acetic acid) with or without salt addition were studied using a comparative proteomic analysis of E. coli O157:H7.
Methods and Results
When acetic, lactic, or propionic acid was combined with 3% NaCl, mutually antagonistic effects of acid and salt on viability of E. coli O157:H7 were observed only in tryptone and yeast extract broth. After exposure to acetic acid alone or in combination with salt, approximately 851 and 916 protein spots were detected, respectively. Analysis of 10 statistically significant differentially expressed proteins revealed that these proteins are mainly related to energy metabolism.
Conclusions
When we compared protein expression of E. coli O157:H7 treated with acetic acid and the combination of the acid and salt, the differentially expressed proteins were not related to acid stress‐ and salt stress‐inducible proteins such as stress shock proteins.
Significance and Impact of the Study
According to these results, the increased resistance of E. coli O157:H7 to acetic acid after the addition of salt may not be the result of synthesis of proteins related to these phenomena; therefore, further research needs to be conducted to identify the mechanism of the mutually antagonistic effect of some organic acids and salt.
Objectives
This study aimed to examine the association between statin exposure and dementia risk in individuals with hypercholesterolaemia using data from the NHIS‐HEALS database between 2002 and ...2015.
Methods
Subjects were classified into statin exposure and statin nonexposure groups according to medication possession ratio. Dementia was defined as those with primary diagnostic dementia codes such as F00‐F03, G30, G31.1, G31.9 or G31.82. Cox proportional hazards regression models were adopted after stepwise adjustment for confounders to investigate the prospective association between statin exposure and dementia risk.
Results
During the follow‐up period (median follow‐up 11.7 years), 711 cases of dementia occurred, accounting for 11.5% of the total study population (statin exposure group, 8.2%; statin nonexposure group, 12.9%). Compared to the statin nonexposure group, fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals CIs) for overall dementia in the statin exposure group were 0.63 (0.43–0.91) and 0.62 (0.50–0.78) in men and women, respectively. Compared to the statin nonexposure group, the HRs (95% CIs) for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia, vascular dementia and other types of dementia in the statin exposure group were 0.54 (0.32–0.91), 2.45 (0.69–8.68) and 0.59 (0.32–1.07), respectively, in men and 0.53 (0.38–0.73), 1.29 (0.42–3.96) and 0.70 (0.51–0.96), respectively, in women.
Conclusions
Hypercholesterolaemic individuals exposed to statin had a lower risk of overall dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia in both sexes, and a lower risk of other types of dementia in women, than subjects who were not exposed to statins.
Aim
In this study, the effectiveness of combining each of seven types of acids with 3% salt as a treatment against pathogens was investigated in laboratory media and acidified food.
Methods and ...Results
When 0·5% malic, 0·5% tartaric, 0·5% citric or 0·25% phosphoric acid was combined with 3% salt, there was a higher reduction in Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium) compared to when using acid alone. However, when 0·5% acetic, 0·5% propionic or 0·25% lactic acid was combined with 3% salt, the salt provided protection against the acid treatment. However, the antagonistic effects of acetic, propionic and lactic acid seen with Gram‐negative bacteria were not observed in Listeria monocytogenes. Antagonistic effects were similarly observed when E. coli O157:H7 was treated with acetic acid and salt in food.
Conclusions
These results show that the addition of salt increases the resistance of Gram‐negative bacteria to acid treatments when using acetic, propionic and lactic acid.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This study shows that antagonistic effects were observed when Gram‐negative bacteria were treated with organic acids of simple structure. It may provide useful information for understanding the acid resistance mechanism of Gram‐negative bacteria and developing methods for preserving acidified food.
Aims
This study aimed synergistic effects of three herbs in Salmonella via increased membrane permeability and apoptosis.
Methods and Results
Using high‐performance liquid chromatography, four types ...of phenylethyl glycosides and a lignan were detected in the herb mixture (Brassica juncea, Forsythia suspensa, and Inula britannica). During treatment with the herb mixture (1×, 2×, or 4× the MIC), viable cells decreased to 1·87 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Gallinarum) and 2·33 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Enteritidis) after 12 h of incubation according to inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle (P < 0·01). In addition, N‐phenyl‐1‐naphthylamine uptake increased from 229·00 to 249·67 AU in S. Gallinarum and from 232·00 to 250·67 AU in S. Enteritidis (P < 0·05), whereas membrane potential decreased from 8855·00 to 3763·25 AU and from 8703·67 to 4300·38 AU, respectively. Apoptotic Salmonella cells were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy observations with negative staining showed protein leakage from damaged Salmonella.
Conclusions
These results showed the synergistic effect of the three herbs against avian pathogenic Salmonella induced by membrane damage and apoptosis.
Significance and Impact of the Study
Salmonella causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. These results indicated that potency of natural antimicrobial agents due to apoptosis in Salmonella.
Microalgae companies increasingly seek markets for defatted biomass that is left over after extracting omega-3 rich oil for human nutraceuticals and crude oil for fuels. Such a protein-rich ...co-product is a promising alternative to unsustainably sourced fishmeal in aquaculture diets. We report the first evaluation of co-product of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata co-product) for replacing fishmeal in diets of Nile tilapia, a globally important aquaculture species. We conducted a nutrient digestibility experiment with N. oculata dried whole cells and N. oculata co-product, followed by an 84-day nutritional feeding experiment with N. oculata co-product. N. oculata co-product, more nutrient-dense than whole cells, had the highest digestibility for lysine, an essential amino acid that is often deficient in terrestrial crop meals; and for 20:5 n-3 EPA, making it a good option for EPA supplementation in tilapia feed. N. oculata co-product, despite containing higher amounts of protein than whole cells, had significantly lower digestibility for crude protein than whole cells. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of methionine were significantly lower in N. oculata co-product than in whole cells. The nutritional feeding experiment compared diets with N. oculata co-product that replaced fishmeal as follows: 0% replacement in reference diet (fishmeal as 7% of total diet) and test diets with 33%, 66% and 100% replacement of fishmeal (3%, 5.5%, and 8% of total diet, respectively). Results showed the 33% replacement diet yielded fish growth, feed conversion, and survival similar to the reference diet. Reduced digestibility and growth at greater N. oculata co-product inclusion levels may have been due to higher levels of anti-nutrients in co-product than whole cells. All diets yielded a n3:n6 ratio of tilapia fillet that is favorable for human consumption. Depositions of macro minerals and several trace elements in the fillet were not significantly different across diets. Thus, N. oculata co-product, when replacing 33% of fishmeal in tilapia feed, led to fish performance and flesh composition comparable to that of fish fed the reference diet, but its nutrient digestibility needs to be improved to achieve higher replacement levels.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
AIMS: This study investigated the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and various acids, alone or in combination, on Shigella flexneri growth in laboratory medium and cucumber puree. METHODS AND ...RESULTS: Shigella flexneri was treated with various acids (acetic, citric, malic, tartaric, propionic, lactic and phosphoric acid) alone or with 3, 6 or 9% NaCl. Pronounced antagonistic effects were observed in Sh. flexneri treated with acetic or lactic acid in combination with 3% NaCl. Next, Sh. flexneri was pre‐exposed to 3% NaCl and then treated with various acids; acid‐stressed cells were then inoculated onto agar plates containing 3% NaCl. There was no significant difference in the reduction of Sh. flexneri, regardless of treatment (P > 0·05). Finally, Sh. flexneri was inoculated into cucumber puree to which various concentrations of acetic acid had been added with and without 3% NaCl. Antagonistic effects were observed with a treatment of either 0·5 or 1% acetic acid combined with 3% NaCl. CONCLUSIONS: Antagonistic effects were observed when Sh. flexneri was exposed to acetic or lactic acid with NaCl. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that depending on the type of acid, the addition of NaCl can increase the resistance of Sh. flexneri to acid treatments. This may provide useful information for developing methods of preserving acidified foods.
Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a calcium-permeable divalent cation channel and mediates neuronal cell death under ischemic stresses. In this study, we investigated the ...contribution of TRPM7 to neuronal development in mouse primary hippocampal neurons. We demonstrated that TRPM7 channels are highly expressed in the tips of the growth cone. Either knockdown of TRPM7 with target-specific shRNA or blocking channel conductance by a specific blocker waixenicin A enhanced axonal outgrowth in culture. Blocking TRPM7 activity by waixenicin A reduced calcium influx and accelerated the polarization of the hippocampal neurons as characterized by the development of distinct axons and dendrites. Furthermore, TRPM7 coprecipitated and colocalized with F-actin and α-actinin-1 at the growth cone. We conclude that calcium influx through TRPM7 inhibits axonal outgrowth and maturation by regulating the F-actin and α-actinin-1 protein complex. Inhibition of TRPM7 channel promotes axonal outgrowth, suggesting its therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders.
We provide detailed mechanisms of Ahnak-mediated potentiation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling, which leads to a negative regulation of cell growth. We show that Smad3 interacts with ...Ahnak through MH2 domain and that Ahnak stimulates Smad3 localization into nucleus leading to potentiating TGFβ-induced transcriptional activity of R-Smad. Moreover, overexpression of Ahnak resulted in growth retardation and cell cycle arrest through downregulation of c-Myc and cyclin D1/D2. We describe results from analyses of Ahnak(-/-) mouse model expressing middle T antigen in a mammary gland-specific manner (MMTV(Tg/+)Ahnak(-/-)), which showed significantly progressed hyperplasia of mammary glands compared with MMTV(Tg/+)Ahnak(+/+). Finally, we screened multiple human breast cancer tissues and showed that the expression of Ahnak in cancer tissues is lower than that in control tissues by 50%. Taken together, these data indicate that Ahnak mediates a negative regulation of cell growth and acts as novel tumor suppressor through potentiation of TGFβ signaling.
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