몰약(沒藥) 에탄올 추출물의 항비만에 관한 연구 백선재; Seon-jae Baek; 김동희 ...
大韓本草學會誌,
07/2016, Letnik:
31, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Myrrh 80% ethanol extract on adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cell. Methods : Myrrh was prepared by ...extracting with 80% ethanol. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay using 3T3-L1 cells. Anti-obesity activity was measured in lipid droplets and triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. We also analyzed the expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPα, PPARγ, SREBP1c, and aP2 by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, we observed the production of fatty acid, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Oil-red O staining Results : No cytotoxicity from Myrrh 80% ethanol extracts was observed at the concentration of 1, 10, 100 (㎍/㎖) in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with Myrrh significantly suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in triglyceride and Fatty acid and Acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Also, Myrrh exhibited potential adipogenesis inhibition and downregulated the expression of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, and adipocyte expressed genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and Fas. In addition, lipid accumulation determined by Oil-red O staining showed that Myrrh extract had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that Myrrh suppresses obesity factors in 3T3-L1 cells. Myrrh may be a useful medical herbs for attenuating metabolic diseases such as obesity.
A series of 30 new analogs maintaining the backbone structure of FTY720 were synthesized by a very simple method. Regardless of newly introduced aromatic and non-aromatic head groups, the obtained ...structures showed cytotoxic effects. Specifically, in the case of aromatic head structures, only the head group containing nitrogen showed cytotoxic effects. In the case of non-aromatic head group, compound
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with a relatively long chain head group showed this effect even at low concentrations. All the cytotoxic compounds showed protein phosphatase 2A activity and apoptotic effects regardless of the sphingosine kinase 1/2 inhibitory effect. Therefore, it was confirmed that the FTY720 backbone structure was an important factor that activated PP2A, resulting in anticancer effects.
Cholesterol is an evolutionarily highly optimized molecule particularly known for its ability to condense the phospholipids in cellular membranes. Until recently, the accompanying increase in the ...chain order of the surrounding phospholipids was attributed to the planar and rigid tetracyclic ring structure of cholesterol. However, detailed investigations of cholesterol's aliphatic side chain demonstrated that this side chain is responsible for approximately half of the condensation effect. Therefore, we investigated the structure and dynamics of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol using
2
H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and microsecond timescale all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in four different model membranes: POPC, DPPC, PSM, and POPC/PSM (1 : 1 mol/mol) and at three different temperatures: 5 °C, 37 °C, and 50 °C. A cholesterol variant, in which 11 hydrogens of the aliphatic side chain were exchanged for deuterium, was used and the respective
2
H NMR spectra confirmed the axially asymmetric rotational diffusion of cholesterol in DPPC and PSM. Furthermore, NMR spectra indicated that some hydrogens showed an unexpected magnetic inequivalency. This finding was confirmed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and detailed analysis revealed that the hydrogens of the methylene groups at C22, C23, and C24 are magnetically inequivalent. This inequivalency is caused by steric clashes of the aliphatic side chain with the ring structure of cholesterol as well as the branched C21 methyl group. These excluded volume effects result in reduced conformational flexibility of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol and explain its high order (order parameter of 0.78 for chain motions) and large contribution to the condensation effect. Additionally, the motional pattern of the side chain becomes highly anisotropic such that it shows larger fluctuations perpendicular to the ring plane of cholesterol with a biaxiality of the distribution of 0.046. Overall, our results shed light on the mechanism how the aliphatic side chain is able to contribute about half of the condensation effect of cholesterol.
The cholesterol side chain has limited structural flexibility due to steric clashes explaining its large contribution to the condensation effect.
Neuron number appears to be matched to body size during early development by the modulation of the processes of proliferation and naturally occurring cell death. However, body size increases rapidly ...as the juvenile becomes an adult, long after these processes cease to operate. The present study shows that principal neurons of lumbar sympathetic ganglia increase in number four- to fivefold during postmetamorphic life of the bullfrog. Rana catesbeiana. This increase in neuron number cannot be attributed to either counting error or selection bias and was associated with greater innervation of particular hindlimb targets, as demonstrated by retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase. Injection of 3Hthymidine (a marker of DNA synthesis) every third day for 20-22 weeks failed to provide evidence of neuron proliferation, although, on the basis of changes in body length during this period, substantial numbers of neurons likely were added. These results combined with previous studies of hindlimb motor and sensory neuron addition are consistent with the hypothesis that the population of sympathetic neurons is augmented by late differentiation of existing precursor cells.
Cholesterol is an evolutionarily highly optimized molecule particularly known for its ability to condense the phospholipids in cellular membranes. Until recently, the accompanying increase in the ...chain order of the surrounding phospholipids was attributed to the planar and rigid tetracyclic ring structure of cholesterol. However, detailed investigations of cholesterol's aliphatic side chain demonstrated that this side chain is responsible for approximately half of the condensation effect. Therefore, we investigated the structure and dynamics of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol using 2 H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and microsecond timescale all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in four different model membranes: POPC, DPPC, PSM, and POPC/PSM (1 : 1 mol/mol) and at three different temperatures: 5 °C, 37 °C, and 50 °C. A cholesterol variant, in which 11 hydrogens of the aliphatic side chain were exchanged for deuterium, was used and the respective 2 H NMR spectra confirmed the axially asymmetric rotational diffusion of cholesterol in DPPC and PSM. Furthermore, NMR spectra indicated that some hydrogens showed an unexpected magnetic inequivalency. This finding was confirmed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and detailed analysis revealed that the hydrogens of the methylene groups at C22, C23, and C24 are magnetically inequivalent. This inequivalency is caused by steric clashes of the aliphatic side chain with the ring structure of cholesterol as well as the branched C21 methyl group. These excluded volume effects result in reduced conformational flexibility of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol and explain its high order (order parameter of 0.78 for chain motions) and large contribution to the condensation effect. Additionally, the motional pattern of the side chain becomes highly anisotropic such that it shows larger fluctuations perpendicular to the ring plane of cholesterol with a biaxiality of the distribution of 0.046. Overall, our results shed light on the mechanism how the aliphatic side chain is able to contribute about half of the condensation effect of cholesterol.
This letter proposes a sequential selection normalized subband adaptive filter (SS-NSAF) in order to reduce the computational complexity. In addition, a variable step-size algorithm is also proposed ...using the mean-square deviation analysis of the SS-NSAF. To enhance the performance in terms of the convergence speed, we propose an improved variable step-size SS-NSAF using a two-stage concept. The simulation results show the low computational complexity and low misalignment errors using the proposed algorithm.
Purpose: LST-II is a special naval ship to carry out landing operations by transporting tanks, armored vehicles and military vehicles. Bad weather, maximum wave height of 4-5 m, caused damage to the ...LCM cradles while the LST-II No.O ship was moving to Thailand for training in February 2016.
Methods: Based on the results of the field check, DTaQ conducted a study on the causes analysis and improvement measures.
Results: The improvement plan that was derived was verified through a structural analysis and the improvement plan was applied to the follow-up ships.
Conclusion: The improvement of LCM cradle has increased the safety of the crew and landing forces, and improved the operational efficiency.
The profile of infective endocarditis (IE) has changed and is now showing an increasing prevalence of IE among congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. We studied the change of clinical profiles of ...IE over the past 25 years in patients with CHD at a single institution.
We reviewed medical records retrospectively for 325 patients diagnosed with IE between January 1, 1987, and March 31, 2012. We analyzed and compared the differences in patient characteristics and outcomes between 1987-2000 (group A) and 2001-2012 (group B).
Over the 25-year period, 93 cases of IE in CHD patients were diagnosed (59 cases in group A and 34 cases in group B). Ventricular septal defect was the most common underlying cardiac disease observed during the entire period. The most common causative pathogen was Streptococcus in both groups. Group A contained 16 cases (27.1%) that had undergone cardiac surgery, whereas this number was 19 (55.8%) in group B. The number of patients who had undergone palliative care or surgery using prosthetic materials was higher among group B patients (p<0.001). Surgical procedures due to uncontrolled infection were performed in three cases in group A and 10 cases in group B.
Infective endocarditis and CHD show a close correlation, and the profile of IE patients can change in line with an increase in the survival rate of patients with complex CHD and the improvement of surgical techniques. Ongoing reassessment and the systematic management of these patients is crucial in the prevention and treatment of IE.
The semiconductor manufacturing industry currently faces many challenges in terms of metrology and process control. With the delay of EUV and the advent of high aspect-ratio 3D structures, there is ...an increase both the number of complex processing steps and systematic/random errors, and optical resolution for metrology has now reached its limit for sub-14nm devices. The industry now requires real-time wafer-to-wafer control and in-line metrology, such as scatterometry or virtual metrology, for effective process monitoring. Data models provide a quick and flexible way for integrating different forms of information. For example, in metrology, often times it is useful to combine sensor data, previous measurements, and other types of signals to extract the best possible measurement. Moreover, as the number of process steps continues to increase, explicit physical modeling of each step becomes extremely time-consuming and empirical data models will quickly become an effective alternative. In this dissertation, we discuss the application and usefulness of empirical data inference models in the context of W2W advanced process control, especially focusing on wafer fault detection. We first use virtual metrology, a type of in-line metrology technique, to determine whether the introduction of such data inference models is actually useful for the fab. Moreover, results show that the effective cost is determined by not only the model type and accuracy, but also the resulting false and missed alarm patterns. In the next chapter, we demonstrate an application of data models to fault detection by constructing a support vector machine classifier (SVM) and using only the diffraction signatures from scatterometry measurements to detect alarms. In the last chapter, we develop an algorithm for the SVM that allows one to choose the optimal false and missed alarm combination based on an asymmetric cost function. Moreover, our algorithm can be generalized for optimal hyperparameter selection for any SVM problem.
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