Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) has been widely used to analyze electromagnetic wave interaction with dispersive media. It is of great necessity to incorporate a dispersion model into FDTD ...formulation for electromagnetic wave analysis of dispersive media. Recently, it was reported that the modified Lorentz model can cover Debye, Drude, Lorentz, critical point, and quadratic complex rational function models. In this work, it is illustrated that the modified Lorentz model can also cover the complex-conjugate pole-residue model which is one of the most popular dispersion models. Modified Lorentz-based dispersive FDTD has not been thoroughly studied, especially for numerical aspects. In this work, we investigate auxiliary differential equation (ADE)-FDTD formulations for the modified Lorentz model based on electric flux density (D), current (J), or polarization (P). We perform a comprehensive study on memory requirement, the number of arithmetic operations, numerical stability, and numerical permittivity for the above three ADE-FDTD formulations. In addition, the bilinear transformation (BT) is incorporated into modified Lorentz-based FDTD formulations and it will be shown that the utilization of the BT can lead to better performance in terms of numerical stability and numerical accuracy. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate our work.
The complex-conjugate pole-residue (CCPR) model has been popularly adopted because CCPR-finite-difference time domain (FDTD) can reduce the memory requirement with the help of complex conjugate ...property of auxiliary variables. To fully utilize CCPR-FDTD, it is of great necessity to investigate its numerical stability since the FDTD method is conditionally stable. Nonetheless, the numerical stability conditions of CCPR-FDTD have not been studied because its derivation is not straightforward. In this communication, the numerical stability conditions of CCPR-FDTD are systematically derived by combining the von Neumann method with Routh-Hurwitz criterion. It is found that the numerical stability conditions of CCPR-FDTD are the same as those of the modified Lorentz-FDTD with bilinear transform. Moreover, the numerical accuracy of CCPR-FDTD is studied, and numerical examples are employed to validate this work.
Abstract
We present the circumnuclear multiphase gas properties of the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the center of Abell 1644-South (A1644-S). A1644-S is the main cluster in a merging system, ...which is well known for X-ray hot gas sloshing in its core. The sharply peaked X-ray profile of A1644-S implies the presence of a strongly cooling gas core. In this study, we analyze ALMA
12
CO (1–0) data, JVLA H
i
data, and KaVA 22 GHz data for the central region of A1644-S to probe the potential origin of the cool gas and its role in (re)powering the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). We find CO clumps distributed in an arc shape along the X-ray gas sloshing, which is suggestive of a connection between the cold gas and the hot intracluster medium (ICM). H
i
and CN are detected in absorption against the AGN continuum emission. The absorption dip is observed at the systemic velocity of the BCG with an extended, redshifted tail. Based on the spatial and spectral configurations of the H
i
, CN, and CO gases, it is inferred that cool gas spirals into the core of the BCG, which is then fed to the central AGN. Indeed, our KaVA observation reveals a parsec-scale bipolar jet, implying that this AGN could have been (re)powered quite recently. Combining this, we suggest that some cold gas in A1644-S could have been formed from the cooling of the ICM, triggering the activity of the central AGN in the early development of a cool-core cluster.
Chiral metamaterials comprise a promising platform for advanced optoelectronic and biomedical applications. However, conventional fabrication via lithography is limited by its complexity and high ...cost. Herein, the lithography‐free fabrication of terahertz chiral metamaterials and their enhancement for sensing the chirality of biocrystal enantiomers is presented. Chiral Au microstrip patterns (CHAMs) in a saw‐tooth shape are fabricated by combining two‐step buckling processes and glancing‐angle deposition. Non‐superimposable geometric chirality is achieved by controlling the tilt angle between the asymmetric and biaxial strain axes and the selective area deposition of the Au layers by using the shadow effect. The manufactured chiral metamaterials show mirror‐shaped terahertz circular dichroism (TCD) signals in the range of 0.2–2.5 THz. Coupling of the induced electric and magnetic dipoles to the chiral‐shaped Au surfaces results in effective optical chirality enhancement. Finite‐difference time‐domain computational simulations reveal the homogeneous distribution of optical chirality with an absolute maximum of 2.24 in the near field. Summing the TCD signals for enantiomeric cystine biocrystals onto the chiral metamaterials shows an ≈7‐fold amplification in magnitude. This enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic effects of superchiral field enhancement and the electromagnetic resonance between the CHAMs and biocrystals.
3D chiral Au microstrip patterns are fabricated by combining a two‐step buckling process and glancing‐angle deposition. Terahertz circular dichroism measurements with enantiomeric biocrystals show a significant increase in peak intensity sevenfold greater than the control. This is attributed to the synergistic effects of the superchiral field and electromagnetically induced resonances between the chiral metamaterials and biocrystals.
Microprocessor, composed of DROSHA and its cofactor DGCR8, initiates microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis by processing the primary transcripts of miRNA (pri-miRNAs). Here we investigate the mechanism by ...which Microprocessor selects the cleavage site with single-nucleotide precision, which is crucial for the specificity and functionality of miRNAs. By testing ∼40,000 pri-miRNA variants, we find that for some pri-miRNAs the cleavage site is dictated mainly by the mGHG motif embedded in the lower stem region of pri-miRNA. Structural modeling and deep-sequencing-based complementation experiments show that the double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) of DROSHA recognizes mGHG to place the catalytic center in the appropriate position. The mGHG motif as well as the mGHG-recognizing residues in DROSHA dsRBD are conserved across eumetazoans, suggesting that this mechanism emerged in an early ancestor of the animal lineage. Our findings provide a basis for the understanding of miRNA biogenesis and rational design of accurate small-RNA-based gene silencing.
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•The mGHG motif can dictate the cleavage site with single-nucleotide precision•Processing site of primary microRNA is determined by DROSHA rather than DGCR8•The dsRBD of DROSHA recognizes the mGHG motif
Target specificity of microRNA is determined by DROSHA cleavage sites. Kwon et al. show how DROSHA precisely selects the cleavage sites using the interaction between its double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) and the mGHG motif of the primary microRNA.
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•Interfacial engineered CoP with improved acidic H2 evolution at high current density.•Enhanced activity-stability of the nonprecious metal catalyst than that of platinum.•Exploration ...in electrochemical neutralization cells of battery and fuel cell.•Neutralization energy-harvested H2 production and simultaneous electricity generation.
Non-precious metal (NPM) hydrogen catalysts are low-cost and highly efficient for the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the overall activity of NPM catalysts at high current remains orders of magnitude lower than commercial platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. Herein, we report synthesis of NPM cobalt phosphide (CoP) catalyst-coated metallic electrode for HER with high current density of 100 mA/cm2 at −151 mV versus a reversible hydrogen electrode which outperforms commercial Pt-C coated electrode. We introduce an interfacial C layer to improve acidic H2 evolution reaction activity-stability trend at high current density which results comparable HER stability with atomic layer deposited Pt electrode. Finally, the electrode has been utilized as a cathode in electrochemical neutralization cells for full water splitting, Zn-H2O battery and H2/H+ fuel-cell, wherein electrochemical neutralization energy (ENE) converts to electrical energy toward enhancing device performance and simultaneous H2 generation. This study presents a potential approach for non-platinum group HER catalysts in ENE-harvested systems.
Recently, with the development of computer vision using artificial intelligence (AI), clinical research on diagnosis and prediction using medical image data has increased. In this study, we applied ...AI methods to analyze hepatic fibrosis in mice to determine whether an AI algorithm can be used to analyze lesions. Whole slide image (WSI) Sirius Red staining was used to examine hepatic fibrosis. The Xception network, an AI algorithm, was used to train normal and fibrotic lesion identification. We compared the results from two analyses, that is, pathologists’ grades and researchers’ annotations, to observe whether the automated algorithm can support toxicological pathologists efficiently as a new apparatus. The accuracies of the trained model computed from the training and validation datasets were greater than 99%, and that obtained by testing the model was 100%. In the comparison between analyses, all analyses showed significant differences in the results for each group. Furthermore, both normalized fibrosis grades inferred from the trained model annotated the fibrosis area, and the grades assigned by the pathologists showed significant correlations. Notably, the deep learning algorithm derived the highest correlation with the pathologists’ average grade. Owing to the correlation outcomes, we conclude that the trained model might produce results comparable to those of the pathologists’ grading of the Sirius Red-stained WSI fibrosis. This study illustrates that the deep learning algorithm can potentially be used for analyzing fibrotic lesions in combination with Sirius Red-stained WSIs as a second opinion tool in non-clinical research.
Handgrip strength (HGS) is acknowledged as a key indicator of overall physical fitness and is associated with various health outcomes.
This research investigates the correlation between HGS and ...quality of life (QoL), focusing on its relation to pulmonary function in the general adult population.
The study involved 19,402 participants aged 40 and above, spanning from 2014 to 2019, who underwent pulmonary function and HGS tests. Participants were categorized based on lung function, and regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between HGS and QoL, with adjustments made for lung function.
The average age of the cohort was 58.2 years, comprising 44.6% males and 41.2% smokers. Out of the 18,708 participants who completed the European Quality of Life Scale-Five Dimensions (EQ-5D-3L) assessment, higher severity levels in mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression were linked to lower HGS in both sexes. Additionally, among the 3,723 participants who completed the Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items (HINT-8) assessment, higher severity levels in pain, work, and depression were associated with lower HGS in men. In women, higher severity levels in climbing stairs, pain, vitality, and work correlated with lower HGS.
As problems indicated by EQ-5D worsened, there was a consistent decrease in handgrip strength (HGS) across both genders. The HINT-8 assessment further revealed that increased severity in pain and work-related issues led to reduced HGS in both men and women. This study highlights the relationship between HGS and Quality of Life (QoL), taking lung function into consideration, and underscores the importance of HGS as a potential marker of physical health and fitness.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Background
Transcriptomic analysis has been used to elucidate the complex pathogenesis of heterogeneous disease and may also contribute to identify potential therapeutic targets by ...delineating the hub genes. This study aimed to investigate whether blood transcriptomic clustering can distinguish clinical and immune phenotypes of asthmatics, and microbiome in asthmatics.
Methods
Transcriptomic expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 47 asthmatics and 21 non-asthmatics was measured using RNA sequencing. A hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to classify asthmatics. Differentially expressed genes, clinical phenotypes, immune phenotypes, and microbiome of each transcriptomic cluster were assessed.
Results
In asthmatics, three distinct transcriptomic clusters with numerously different transcriptomic expressions were identified. The proportion of severe asthmatics was highest in cluster 3 as 73.3%, followed by cluster 2 (45.5%) and cluster 1 (28.6%). While cluster 1 represented clinically non-severe T2 asthma, cluster 3 tended to include severe non-T2 asthma. Cluster 2 had features of both T2 and non-T2 asthmatics characterized by the highest serum IgE level and neutrophil-dominant sputum cell population. Compared to non-asthmatics, cluster 1 showed higher
CCL23
and
IL1RL1
expression while the expression of
TREML4
was suppressed in cluster 3.
CTSD
and
ALDH2
showed a significant positive linear relationship across three clusters in the order of cluster 1 to 3. No significant differences in the diversities of lung and gut microbiomes were observed among transcriptomic clusters of asthmatics and non-asthmatics. However, our study has limitations in that small sample size data were analyzed with unmeasured confounding factors and causal relationships or function pathways were not verified.
Conclusions
Genetic clustering based on the blood transcriptome may provide novel immunological insight, which can be biomarkers of asthma immune phenotypes.
Trial registration
Retrospectively registered
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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