Objective: To assess classical psychometric properties of the Spanish versions of the Bech‐Rafaelsen’s mania (MAS) and melancholia (MES) scales.
Method: Observational, prospective, and multicentric ...study in bipolar out‐patients. Convergent validity was assessed against the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Discriminant validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change, were also assessed.
Results: One hundred and thirteen bipolar patients with a manic episode and 102 bipolar patients with a depressive episode were included. Both the MAS and the MES showed appropriate convergent validity (r > 0.90), discriminant validity (P < 0.0001), internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha >0.80), test–retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.69 for the MAS and 0.94 for the MES, inter‐rater reliability (ICC > 0.80), and sensitivity to change at 4 weeks since inception (P < 0.0001; within‐group effect size ≥1.8).
Conclusion: The Spanish versions of both scales present appropriate psychometric estimates in bipolar patients treated in ambulatory care.
The bis-cyclopentadienyl hydride chemistry of the elements niobium and tantalum has been dominated by the family of trihydride complexes, namely Cp
2MH
3 (M=Nb, Ta, Cp=C
5H
5, C
5Me
5, C
5H
4SiMe
3, ...C
5H
3(SiMe
3)
2 and related substituted cyclopentadienyl rings). The chemical and spectroscopic properties of these complexes are strongly influenced by both the nature of the Cp ring and the metal center. In some cases, anomalous NMR spectroscopic behavior has been observed, and values of
J
HH that are largely dependent on the temperature have been found. This behavior can be modulated by means of the interaction of the trihydride complexes with Group 11 metal fragments, and in some cases HH interactions in the molecules can be observed. Several X-ray crystal structure determinations of this kind of complex, as well as different theoretical calculations, have been performed in order to gain a deeper insight into these systems. The reactivity of the trihydride metallocene complexes has been extensively considered. Thus, the easy elimination of H
2 from the Cp
2MH
3 species, giving rise to the unsaturated species Cp
2MH, has been used to study the activation processes of several kinds of HX bond, in hydrosilanes, hydrogermananes, etc., which allows the synthesis of complexes such as Cp
2MH
2X. This type of complex has been extensively studied, especially when X=SiR
3, because in several cases these complexes exhibit a special hypervalence behavior. A large family of complexes of stoichiometry Cp
2MHL was prepared from the reaction of the Cp
2MH
3 complexes with different classes of π-acid ligands, L. The Cp
2MHL complexes can undergo insertion reactions into the MH bond with several classes of unsaturated molecules, and such processes are of interest in the field of organic synthesis. Furthermore, the protonation processes of the Cp
2MHL complexes give rise to a new family of η
2-H
2-containing cationic species, Cp
2M(η
2-H
2)L
+, which are stable at low temperatures. The NMR data of such compounds indicate that it is possible to block the rotation of the H
2 molecule at low temperatures. Of particular interest are the Cp
2MH(olefin) complexes, and these have been widely studied because they can be considered as excellent models for the study of the β-elimination reaction and the reverse olefin insertion process. Finally, from the trihydride derivatives Cp
2MH
3 and related species, several heterometallic complexes have been prepared and characterized.
Dihydrogen elimination from the reaction of the niobocene trihydride Cp‘2NbH3 (Cp‘ = η5-C5H4SiMe3) and the appropriate borane provides a synthetic route to the new borate-containing niobocene ...complexes Nb(η5-C5H4SiMe3)2(η2-H2BR2) (R2 = O2C6H4 (1), C8H14 (2), H2 (3)). The reaction with H2BO2C6H4 or H2BC8H14 proceeds at mild temperature, and the BH3·THF adduct reacts even at low temperature. Complexes 2 and 3 show dynamic behavior in solution. Spectroscopic and theoretical studies were carried out in order to clarify these dynamic processes. In addition, X-ray diffraction studies of 2 were carried out and the results correlated with the theoretical data. Finally, reactions of Cp‘2Nb(H)(L) (L = CO, CN(2,6-Me2C6H3), tBuOOCHCHCOOtBu) with BH3·THF give rise to the complex 3, with the elimination of the appropriate ancillary ligand L.
The trihydride complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)3 (1) reacts with diphenylphosphane to afford the monohydride Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)(PHPh2) (3). The synthesis of complex 3 has also been achieved from the ...initial formation of the phosphonium salt Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)2(PHPh2)Cl (2) by reaction of the trihydride complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)3 (1) with chlorodiphenylphosphane, followed by deprotonation of this salt in aqueous NaOH. Protonation of complex 3 at low temperature with a slight excess of CF3COOH or CF3COOD leads to the η2‐dihydrogen complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(η2‐H2)(PHPh2)CF3CO2 (4) or its monodeuterated isotopomer Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(η2‐HD)(PHPh2)CF3CO2 (5). When the temperature is increased to room temperature, complexes 4 and 5 transform into the transoid dihydrides Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)2(PHPh2)CF3CO2 (6) and Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)2(PDPh2)CF3CO2 (7), respectively. Complex 3 undergoes an insertion of CS2 into the niobium−hydrogen bond to give the η1‐dithioformato complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(PHPh2)(η1‐S‐S(S)CH) (8). This complex could be detected by NMR spectroscopy but could not be isolated due to rapid conversion into the η2‐dithioformato complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(η2‐S,S‐SSCH) (9) by loss of the phosphane molecule. Complex 3 also reacts with CO2 to give the η2‐formato complex Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(η2‐O,O‐OOCH) (10); in this case the η1‐formato complex could not be detected. The reagent ClPPh2 very smoothly inserts into the Nb−H bond of the complexes Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(H)(L) L = PHPh2, CN(xylyl), CO; xylyl = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl, yielding the new ionic complexes Nb(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)2(PHPh2)(L)Cl L = PHPh2 (11), CN(xylyl) (12), CO (13). All the complexes described have been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods.
Reaction of NbCl3(DME)(RC⋮CR‘) with KTp (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane, Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate) yields TpNbCl2(RC⋮CR‘) (R = Ph, R‘ = Me (2a); R = R‘ = Me (2b), Et (2c), SiMe3 (2d), Ph (2e)), ...which has the alkyne in the molecular mirror plane in the solid state (X-ray crystal structure for 2a) and in solution. The barriers to alkyne rotation are low, the highest being measured for complex 2d (52 kJ mol-1 at 273 K), which contains the bulky SiMe3 group on the alkyne. In TpCpNb(Cl)(PhC⋮CMe) (3a), formed by reaction of 2a with NaCp·DME, the alkyne is parallel to the Cp plane, as observed in solution and in the crystal structure. Extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations indicate that in complexes 2 the geometry is mainly governed by steric interactions, whereas in the case of 3a orbital interactions dictate the observed geometry.
Despite the sophistication of today's radiochemical separation techniques, it often occurs that the peaks in the spectra of ¿-emitting radioactive samples partially overlap. We here demonstrate the ...usefulness of a procedure based on a neural network, a multilayer perceptron with backpropagation training method, trained with isolated alpha peaks of environmental samples in resolving such partially overlapping alpha peaks and in predicting the activities of the ¿-emitters detected.
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