In viticulture, the risk of spring frost is mainly due to earlier budbreak, increasing the vulnerability of buds and green organs to freezing temperatures. Active Spring Frost Protection Methods ...(ASFPMs) aim to mitigate this risk by increasing the temperature in the bud area. ASFPMs are often seen as highly labour-intensive and resource consuming practices. ASFPM technologies are diverse and influenced by different external drivers, affecting differently their application strategies and the required equipment for efficiency. This study proposes a framework for analysing and comparing ASFPMs’ potential environmental impacts using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. We illustrate this proposal with an example: Winter cover, wind machine, sprinkler and anti-frost candles comparison in Loire Valley conditions. We modeled the attributional LCAs with Impact world + characterisation method using Abribalyse 3.1 and Ecoinvent 3.8 databases. Application and climatic scenarios were elaborated to set conditions of ASFPMs use. The overall combination of attributional LCAs and external scenarios designs a context-specific LCA. Required time of application for each ASFPM to protect 1 ha during frost hours was determined using linear regression of ASFPM application time in function of total seasonal frost hours based on a recent decade (2013–2023). Sensitivity analysis consisted in varying frost hours theoretically with a step of 1 unit, using the lowest and highest frost hour numbers from 2013 to 2023 as boundaries. Overall, the ranking between ASFPM environmental scores changes based on the theoretical frost duration. The implementation of context-specific elements allowed for the development of system boundaries in attributional LCA, enabling the analysis and comparison of different types of technologies. The framework of this study showed its relevance in the context of ASFPM technologies through a concrete example in Loire Valley viticulture. Future research may consider other contextual elements and ASFPM technologies. This framework could be used in different fields of study to analyse and compare contrasted technologies in terms of environmental impacts.
•The integration of external drivers' variation enhances the comparative LCA of ASFPMs.•Environmental impacts of ASFPMs in viticulture respond differently to climatic drivers.•The Hierarchy of ASFPMs environmental impacts varies in function of climatic variables.•Wind turbine had the lowest environmental impacts expressed per protected area, regardless of the frequency of frost events.
L’étude des colonnes de la péristasis au temple oraculaire d’Apollon à Delphes, reconstruit au IVe siècle av. J.-C., est un dossier qui ne fut jamais complètement résolu. Depuis la découverte du ...monument en 1893, les restitutions du péristyle ont largement varié d’un spécialiste à un autre. Les travaux de F. Courby en 1927 ont ouvert la voie vers un premier essai de restitution, dont les conclusions seront contestées une décennie plus tard par l’anastylose matérielle menée par H. Ducoux. Les recherches les plus récentes publiées par P. Amandry et E. Hansen finiront par s’opposer aux résultats de cette anastylose, sans résoudre définitivement la question du nombre de tambours, ainsi que la hauteur définitive de la colonnade. Le présent article propose de retracer les raisons qui expliquent l’absence de certitudes, et également d’exposer des éléments factuels inédits qui militent en faveur d’un réexamen complet de la question. Pour ce faire, nous opérerons une anastylose 3D bloc à bloc de la colonnade qui constituera une synthèse de l’ensemble des connaissances considéré comme certaines conjugué à des données nouvellement acquises.
The site of Lalibela is the result of Tertiary volcanic activity which led to the formation of a vast outcrop of basaltic slag from which churches were carved. This reddish rock which is particularly ...suitable for carving, is extremely interactive with water. It was beneficial for the impressive excavation phases, but is now problematic for conservation purposes. Digging meant either the penetration of water into the massif and its erosion, but also the protection of the monuments from water stagnation. This is a very paradoxical situation in which water plays an alternately positive and negative role. Due to its sacred dimension, any intervention on the rock must be discussed and validated by the community. 3D technologies were used to carry out an assessment of the state of the site, to create a virtual 3D model that can be accessed and consulted remotely by all the specialists faced to the conservation problem; to trace the historical evolution of the site.
A seasonal torrent, bounded by retaining walls integrating Greek and Roman phases, runs through the middle of the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on the island of Samothrace. This central ravine was the ...subject of study in 2016, inspired by the American mission’s current focus on the question of how ancient visitors navigated the sanctuary. A key aspect of this study was the accurate, but selective, documentation of the ravine’s anthropogenic elements, and the delineation of these premodern and modern phases. Rather than using laser scanning or other technologies more often used for large features, the project generated a high definition photogrammetric model and associated vector drawings by a modified protocol using a handheld camera. This case study reviews the efficacy of this low-resource methodology within a complex archaeological site, its limitations, and the technique’s long-term benefits in light of a series of catastrophic storms between 2017 and 2020.
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In a context where sustainability assessments are increasingly popular, this perspective article discusses the influence of methodological choices on measurements of farm sustainability. We build the ...argumentation on the premises that sustainability is a multi-dimensional concept that can be measured through an indicator approach and use examples from a case study analysis of seven European dairy farms. Specifically, the article demonstrates how and why indicator selection, estimation methods, and reporting frameworks can influence measured performance and thereby affect wider sustainability conclusions about production systems and practice change. Overall, we highlight that while in practical terms, methodological choices are necessary to conduct a farm sustainability assessment, important limitations can arise from the process. Of particular concern are farm conclusions and recommendations that lead to perverse outcomes and generate further sustainability issues outside of study scope. Practical guidance is provided to aid methodological choices with a more comprehensive and critical view of farm sustainability assessments. Importantly, we call for a more upfront recognition of methodological shortcomings in farm analyses.
•This perspective discusses methodological choices in sustainability assessments.•It uses examples from a case study analysis of European dairy farms.•Indicator selection can influence measured farm sustainability.•The choice of indicator estimation methods can also affect measured performance.•Indicator reporting frameworks have an effect on measured performance.
Cette thèse met en avant une démarche originale, celle de faire cohabiter l'utilisation d'une technologie moderne, au sein d'une étude archéologique conventionnelle centrée sur l'architecture ...grecque. L'utilisation de la modélisation 3D dans ce projet doctoral nous amène indubitablement à explorer de nouvelles problématiques en archéologie grecque. Pour ce faire, une réflexion sera menée sur les apports de cette technologie aux sciences archéologiques. En effet, la restitution d'un édifice antique en 3D implique des questionnements sur la réalité virtuelle créée. La modélisation 3D se fonde sur du matériel archéologique partiel altéré par le temps. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de prendre du recul face à une image 3D qui peut idéaliser une réalité archéologique. Notre étude s'appliquera aussi à apporter des solutions permettant de remédier à ces complications liées à la restitution virtuelle. De plus, la restitution 3D d'un édifice antique n'est pas une fin en soi. En d'autres termes, cette technologie doit par son approche intuitive apporter une nouvelle façon d'appréhender les questions qui touchent à la construction des édifices antiques. À commencer par les méthodes de constructions ou encore la faisabilité architecturale...etc. Dans un même temps, nous mènerons un examen architectural et archéologique dans le but de proposer une étude qui soit équilibrée et qui puisse être réutilisée par la recherche archéologique. Nos objectifs sont multiples et cette étude fait le vœu d'être ambitieuse. Pour cela, cette étude s'attellera à éviter l'écueil de proposer une approche ayant un cadre trop restrictif. C'est pourquoi nous envisageons de préférence une étude qui associera plusieurs groupes d'édifices aux fonctions différentes. De ce fait, en tenant compte d'un maximum de situations et de réalités archéologiques, notre examen gagnera en représentativité, tout comme cela lui assurera une probabilité plus grande d'être réutilisé dans la recherche pour d'autres applications liées à la restitution 3D. Cette thèse est aussi une occasion d'évoquer les questions liées à la valorisation du patrimoine culturel. Ce thème sera aussi abordé, car le partage du savoir ne doit pas seulement être destiné aux initiés, mais aussi auprès du grand public. Il s'agit là d'une mission essentielle que l'archéologie se doit de mener à bien.
This thesis puts forward a novel approach who will make cohabit together the use of a modern technology in a conventional archaeological study focused on Greek architecture. The use of 3D modeling in this doctoral project leads undoubtedly to explore new issues in the Greek archeology. To do this, we will consider to the benefits of this technology to archaeological sciences. Indeed, the restitution of an ancient building in 3D, involves questions on the virtual reality that created. 3D modeling is based on the archaeological material altered by the time. That is why, it is necessary to take a step back on a 3D picture that can idealize an archaeological reality. Our study will also apply to provide solutions to overcome these complications of the virtual restitution. Moreover, the 3D rendition of an ancient building is not an end in itself. In other words, this technology must provide a intuitive approach and a new way to understand the issues that affect at the construction of ancient buildings. Starting with the construction methods or architectural feasibility ... etc.. At the same time, we will conduct an architectural and archaeological examination in order to propose a study that is balanced and that can be reused by archaeological research. Our goals are many and this study wants to be ambitious. For this, this study will strive to avoid the pitfall of proposing an approach that is too restrictive. That is why we plan to combine preferably a study several groups of buildings with different functions. Therefore, taking into account a maximum of archaeological situations our study will be more representative, as this will ensure it a greater likelihood of being reused in the archeological studies. This thesis is also an opportunity to discuss issues related to the promotion of cultural heritage. This topic will also be addressed because the sharing of knowledge should not be accessible only to insiders, but it must also be affordable for the general public. This is an essential task that archeology must carry.
Growing awareness of global challenges and increasing pressures on the farming sector, including the urgent requirement to rapidly cut greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, emphasize the need for ...sustainable production, which is particularly relevant for dairy production systems. Comparing dairy production systems across the three sustainability dimensions is a considerable challenge, notably due to the heterogeneity of production conditions in Europe. To overcome this, we developed an ex post multicriteria assessment tool that adopts a holistic approach across the three sustainability dimensions. This tool is based on the DEXi framework, which associates a hierarchical decision model with an expert perspective and follows a tree shaped structure; thus, we called it the DEXi-Dairy tool. For each dimension of sustainability, qualitative attributes were defined and organized in themes, sub-themes, and indicators. Their choice was guided by three objectives: (i) better describe main challenges faced by European dairy production systems, (ii) point out synergies and trade-offs across sustainability dimensions, and (iii) contribute to the identification of GHG mitigation strategies at the farm level. Qualitative scales for each theme, sub-theme, and indicator were defined together with weighting factors used to aggregate each level of the tree. Based on selected indicators, a list of farm data requirements was developed to populate the sustainability tree. The model was then tested on seven case study farms distributed across Europe. DEXi-Dairy presents a qualitative method that allows for the comparison of different inputs and the evaluation of the three sustainability dimensions in an integrated manner. By assessing synergies and trade-offs across sustainability dimensions, DEXi-Dairy is able to reflect the heterogeneity of dairy production systems. Results indicate that, while trade-offs occasionally exist among respective selected sub-themes, certain farming systems tend to achieve a higher sustainability score than others and hence could serve as benchmarks for further analyses.
Signatures of local adaptation have been found at all life stages in plants. Yet, the contribution of later plant stages is rarely disentangled from the influence of early-life stages. Here, we ...investigate the direct contribution of adult plant stages to climate adaptation in two subspecies of snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus), while growth conditions have been homogenized at early-life stages. We compared genetic variation in fitness proxies (i.e. flowering, number of flowers and survival) and phenotypic traits in adult plants of eight populations of A. m. pseudomajus and seven populations of A. m. striatum, in two common garden experiments at high and low elevations. We found no evidence of adaptation to elevation in adult plants in both subspecies. Populations of low-elevation habitats outperformed populations of high-elevation habitats in all gardens. The effects of phenotypic traits on fitness components were similar at high and low elevation, suggesting no divergent selection along elevation. Different traits had an effect on fitness proxies in A. m. striatum and A. m. pseudomajus, suggesting that different mechanisms are at play in these two subspecies. Our findings suggest that there is no direct contribution of adult plant stages to climate adaptation in snapdragon plants and that adaptive processes potentially differ at the scale of A. majus subspecies.
The site of Lalibela is the result of Tertiary volcanic activity which led to the formation of a vast outcrop of basaltic slag from which churches were carved. This reddish rock which is particularly ...suitable for carving, is extremely interactive with water. It was beneficial for the impressive excavation phases, but is now problematic for conservation purposes. Digging meant either the penetration of water into the massif and its erosion, but also the protection of the monuments from water stagnation. This is a very paradoxical situation in which water plays an alternately positive and negative role. Due to its sacred dimension, any intervention on the rock must be discussed and validated by the community. 3D technologies were used to carry out an assessment of the state of the site, to create a virtual 3D model that can be accessed and consulted remotely by all the specialists faced to the conservation problem; to trace the historical evolution of the site. Keywords Lalibela, eau, Conservation, Technologies 3D
We introduce the French National 3D Data Repository for Humanities designed for the conservation and the publication of 3D research data in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences. We present the ...choices made for the data organization, metadata, standards and infrastructure towards a FAIR service. With 437 references at the time of the writing, we have feedback on some challenges to develop such a service and to make it widely used. This leads to open questions and future developments.
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