Shifts in species' distribution and abundance in response to climate change have been well documented, but the underpinning processes are still poorly understood. We present the results of a ...systematic literature review and meta‐analysis investigating the frequency and importance of different mechanisms by which climate has impacted natural populations. Most studies were from temperate latitudes of North America and Europe; almost half investigated bird populations. We found significantly greater support for indirect, biotic mechanisms than direct, abiotic mechanisms as mediators of the impact of climate on populations. In addition, biotic effects tended to have greater support than abiotic factors in studies of species from higher trophic levels. For primary consumers, the impact of climate was equally mediated by biotic and abiotic mechanisms, whereas for higher level consumers the mechanisms were most frequently biotic, such as predation or food availability. Biotic mechanisms were more frequently supported in studies that reported a directional trend in climate than in studies with no such climatic change, although sample sizes for this comparison were small. We call for more mechanistic studies of climate change impacts on populations, particularly in tropical systems.
Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance Baker, Stephen J.; Payne, David J.; Rappuoli, Rino ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
12/2018, Letnik:
115, Številka:
51
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Bacterial infections have been traditionally controlled by antibiotics and vaccines, and these approaches have greatly improved health and longevity. However, multiple stakeholders are declaring that ...the lack of new interventions is putting our ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections at risk. Vaccine and antibiotic approaches still have the potential to address this threat. Innovative vaccine technologies, such as reverse vaccinology, novel adjuvants, and rationally designed bacterial outer membrane vesicles, together with progress in polysaccharide conjugation and antigen design, have the potential to boost the development of vaccines targeting several classes of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, new approaches to deliver small-molecule antibacterials into bacteria, such as hijacking active uptake pathways and potentiator approaches, along with a focus on alternative modalities, such as targeting host factors, blocking bacterial virulence factors, monoclonal antibodies, and microbiome interventions, all have potential. Both vaccines and antibacterial approaches are needed to tackle the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and both areas have the underpinning science to address this need. However, a concerted research agenda and rethinking of the value society puts on interventions that save lives, by preventing or treating life-threatening bacterial infections, are needed to bring these ideas to fruition.
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression Carhart-Harris, Robin; Giribaldi, Bruna; Watts, Rosalind ...
New England journal of medicine/The New England journal of medicine,
04/2021, Letnik:
384, Številka:
15
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In a randomized trial involving 59 selected patients with depression, the change in depression scale scores from baseline to week 6 did not differ significantly between patients who received two ...doses of psilocybin and those who received daily escitalopram. Secondary outcomes generally favored psilocybin over escitalopram.
Abstract Background The oncologic equivalence of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) to open pancreatectomy (ODP) for ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is not established. Methods The National Cancer ...Data Base was used to compare perioperative outcomes following LDP and ODP for DAC between 2010 and 2011. Results One hundred forty-five patients underwent LDP; 625 underwent ODP. Compared with ODP, patients undergoing LDP were older (68 ± 10.1 vs 66 ± 10.5 years, P = .027), more likely treated in academic centers (70% vs 59%, P = .01), and had shorter hospital stays (6.8 ± 4.6 vs 8.9 ± 7.5 days, P < .001). Demographic data, lymph node count, 30-day unplanned readmission, and 30-day mortality were identical between groups. Multivariable regression identified a lower probability of prolonged length of stay with LDP (odds ratio .51, 95% confidence interval .327 to .785, P = .0023). There was no association between surgical approach and node count, readmission, or mortality. Conclusion LDP for DAC provides shorter postoperative lengths of stay and rates of readmission and 30-day mortality similar to OPD without compromising perioperative oncologic outcomes.
Background There is considerable debate about the safety and clinical equivalence of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) and open pancreaticoduodenectomy (OPD) for pancreatic ductal ...adenocarcinoma (PDCA). Study Design We queried the National Cancer Data Base to identify patients undergoing LPD and OPD for PDCA between 2010 and 2011. Chi-square and Student's t -tests were used to evaluate differences between the 2 approaches. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to identify patient, tumor, or facility factors associated with perioperative mortality. Results Four thousand and thirty-seven (91%) patients underwent OPD. Three hundred and eighty-four (9%) patients underwent LPD. There were no statistical differences between the 2 surgical cohorts with regard to age, race, Charlson score, tumor size, grade, stage, or treatment with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy demonstrated a shorter length of stay (10 ± 8 days vs 12 ± 9.7 days; p < 0.0001) and lower rates of unplanned readmission (5% vs 9%; p = 0.027) than OPD. In an unadjusted comparison, there was no difference in 30-day mortality between the LPD and OPD cohorts (5.2% vs 3.7%; p = 0.163). Multivariable logistic regression modeling predicting perioperative mortality controlling for age, Charlson score, tumor size, nodal positivity, stage, facility type, and pancreaticoduodenectomy volume identified age (odds ratio OR = 1.05; p < 0.0001), positive margins (OR = 1.45; p = 0.030), and LPD (OR = 1.89; p = 0.009) as associated with an increased probability of 30-day mortality; higher hospital volume was associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality (OR = 0.98; p < 0.0001). In institutions that performed ≥10 LPDs, the 30-day mortality rate of the laparoscopic approach was equal to that for the open approach (0.0% vs 0.7%; p = 1.00). Conclusions Laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is equivalent to OPD in length of stay, margin-positive resection, lymph node count, and readmission rate. There is a higher 30-day mortality rate with LPD, but this appears driven by a surmountable learning curve for the procedure.
Interactions between the host and gut microbial community likely contribute to Crohn disease (CD) pathogenesis; however, direct evidence for these interactions at the onset of disease is lacking. ...Here, we characterized the global pattern of ileal gene expression and the ileal microbial community in 359 treatment-naive pediatric patients with CD, patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and control individuals. We identified core gene expression profiles and microbial communities in the affected CD ilea that are preserved in the unaffected ilea of patients with colon-only CD but not present in those with UC or control individuals; therefore, this signature is specific to CD and independent of clinical inflammation. An abnormal increase of antimicrobial dual oxidase (DUOX2) expression was detected in association with an expansion of Proteobacteria in both UC and CD, while expression of lipoprotein APOA1 gene was downregulated and associated with CD-specific alterations in Firmicutes. The increased DUOX2 and decreased APOA1 gene expression signature favored oxidative stress and Th1 polarization and was maximally altered in patients with more severe mucosal injury. A regression model that included APOA1 gene expression and microbial abundance more accurately predicted month 6 steroid-free remission than a model using clinical factors alone. These CD-specific host and microbe profiles identify the ileum as the primary inductive site for all forms of CD and may direct prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
In line with global targets agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing rapidly, yet socio-economic benefits generated by MPAs ...remain difficult to predict and under debate. MPAs often fail to reach their full potential as a consequence of factors such as illegal harvesting, regulations that legally allow detrimental harvesting, or emigration of animals outside boundaries because of continuous habitat or inadequate size of reserve. Here we show that the conservation benefits of 87 MPAs investigated worldwide increase exponentially with the accumulation of five key features: no take, well enforced, old (>10 years), large (>100 km(2)), and isolated by deep water or sand. Using effective MPAs with four or five key features as an unfished standard, comparisons of underwater survey data from effective MPAs with predictions based on survey data from fished coasts indicate that total fish biomass has declined about two-thirds from historical baselines as a result of fishing. Effective MPAs also had twice as many large (>250 mm total length) fish species per transect, five times more large fish biomass, and fourteen times more shark biomass than fished areas. Most (59%) of the MPAs studied had only one or two key features and were not ecologically distinguishable from fished sites. Our results show that global conservation targets based on area alone will not optimize protection of marine biodiversity. More emphasis is needed on better MPA design, durable management and compliance to ensure that MPAs achieve their desired conservation value.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective To determine whether adverse perinatal outcomes are increased in subfertile women. Design Cohort study. Setting Two tertiary assisted reproductive technologies (ART) centers; Victorian ...births register. Patient(s) Records of women who registered with the clinics (1991–2000), but did not have an infant using ART, were linked to the birth register (1991–2004) to identify singleton non-ART births within 5 years of registration (N = 2171). Controls, matched by maternal age and year of infant's birth, were selected randomly from birth records (N = 4363). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Result(s) After adjusting for confounders, compared with controls, subfertile women had increased odds of hypertension or preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio OR 1.29, 1.02–1.61), antepartum hemorrhage (adjusted OR 1.41, 1.05–1.89), perinatal death (adjusted OR 2.19, 1.10–4.36), low birth weight (adjusted OR 1.44, 1.11–1.85), preterm birth <37 weeks (adjusted OR 1.32, 1.05–1.67) or <31 weeks (adjusted OR 2.37, 1.35–4.13), and cesarean delivery (adjusted OR 1.56, 1.37–1.77). There was weak evidence for increased birth defects (adjusted OR 1.30, 0.98–1.72) and gestational diabetes (adjusted OR 1.25, 0.96–1.63). No increased risk was found for prelabor rupture of membranes, small for gestational age, or postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion(s) Subfertile women with singleton births are at increased risk of several adverse outcomes. These risks should be considered during their antenatal care and when analyzing adverse effects of ART.
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing-2 (NOD2) acts as a bacterial sensor in dendritic cells (DCs), but it is not clear how bacterial recognition links with antigen presentation after ...NOD2 stimulation. NOD2 variants are associated with Crohn's disease, where breakdown in self-recognition of commensal bacteria leads to gastrointestinal inflammation. Here we show NOD2 triggering by muramyldipeptide induces autophagy in DCs. This effect requires receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase-2 (RIPK-2), autophagy-related protein-5 (ATG5), ATG7 and ATG16L1 but not NLR family, pyrin domain containing-3 (NALP3).We show that NOD2-mediated autophagy is required for both bacterial handling and generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses in DCs. DCs from individuals with Crohn's disease expressing Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 or ATG16L1 risk variants are defective in autophagy induction, bacterial trafficking and antigen presentation. Our findings link two Crohn's disease-associated susceptibility genes in a single functional pathway and reveal defects in this pathway in Crohn's disease DCs that could lead to bacterial persistence via impaired lysosomal destruction and immune mediated clearance.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gait disturbance is an early feature in Parkinson's disease. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood; however, cholinergic dysfunction may be a non-dopaminergic contributor to gait. Short-latency ...afferent inhibition is a surrogate measure of cholinergic activity, allowing the contribution of cholinergic dysfunction to gait to be evaluated. We hypothesized that short-latency afferent inhibition would be an independent predictor of gait dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease. Twenty-two participants with Parkinson's disease and 22 age-matched control subjects took part in the study. Gait was measured objectively using an instrumented walkway (GAITRite), and subjects were asked to walk at their preferred speed for 2 min around a 25-m circuit. Spatiotemporal characteristics (speed, stride length, stride time and step width) and gait dynamics (variability described as the within subject standard deviation of: speed, stride time, stride length and step width) were determined. Short-latency afferent inhibition was measured by conditioning motor evoked potentials, elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex, with electrical stimuli delivered to the contralateral median nerve at intervals ranging from N20 (predetermined) to N20 + 4 ms. Short-latency afferent inhibition was determined as the percentage difference between test and conditioned response for all intervals and was described as the group mean. Participants were optimally medicated at the time of testing. Participants with Parkinson's disease had significantly reduced gait speed (P = 0.002), stride length (P = 0.008) and stride time standard deviation (P = 0.001). Short-latency afferent inhibition was also significantly reduced in participants with Parkinson's disease (P = 0.004). In participants with Parkinson's disease, but not control subjects, significant associations were found between gait speed, short-latency afferent inhibition, age and postural instability and gait disorder score (Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) and attention, whereas global cognition and depression were marginally significant. No other gait variables were associated with short-latency afferent inhibition. A multiple hierarchical regression model explored the contribution of short-latency afferent inhibition to gait speed, controlling for age, posture and gait symptoms (Postural Instability and Gait Disorder score-Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), attention and depression. Regression analysis in participants with Parkinson's disease showed that reduced short-latency afferent inhibition was an independent predictor of slower gait speed, explaining 37% of variability. The final model explained 72% of variability in gait speed with only short-latency afferent inhibition and attention emerging as independent determinants. The results suggest that cholinergic dysfunction may be an important and early contributor to gait dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. The findings also point to the contribution of non-motor mechanisms to gait dysfunction. Our study provides new insights into underlying mechanisms of non-dopaminergic gait dysfunction, and may help to direct future therapeutic approaches.
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